Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur (Malaysian pronunciation: [ˈkwalə ˈlumpʊ]) is the federal capital and most populous city in Malaysia.[5]The city covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 1.6 million as of 2012.[5] Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million.[6] It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in the country, in terms of population and economy. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia. The city was once home to the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999.[7] Some sections of the judiciary still remains in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. The official residence of the Malaysian King, the Istana Negara, is also situated in Kuala Lumpur. TOSHIBA P000497050 Laptop Keyboard

Rated as an alpha world city, Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial and economic centre of Malaysia due to its position as the capital as well as being a key city. Kuala Lumpur was ranked 48th among global cities by Foreign Policy's 2010 Global Cities Index[8] and was ranked 67th among global cities for economic and social innovation by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index in 2010.[9] Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur is defined within the borders of the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and is one of three Malaysian Federal Territories.[10] It is an enclave within the state of Selangor, on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.[11] SONY VAIO VGN-NR21Z/S Laptop Keyboard

Since the 1990s, the city has played host to many international sporting, political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games and the Formula One Grand Prix. In addition, Kuala Lumpur is home to one of the tallest twin buildings in the world, the Petronas Twin Towers, which have become an iconic symbol of Malaysia's futuristic development. ACER Aspire 7741ZG Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur has its origins in the 1850s, when the Malay Chief of Klang, Raja Abdullah,[12] hired some Chinese labourers to open new and larger tin mines for tin prospectors.[13] The miners landed at the confluence of Sungai Gombak (previously known as Sungai Lumpur, meaning "muddy river") and Sungai Klang (Klang River) to open mines at Ampang, Pudu and Batu. These mines developed into a trading post which became a frontier town.[14] HP G62-361TX Laptop Keyboard

The tin prospectors settled in Ampang,[13] and formed gangs within themselves.[15]The two largest Chinese gangsters, the Hakka-dominated Hai San and the Hokkien-dominated Ghee Hin, frequently engaged in warfare to gain control of tin production in the town.[15] The incessant warfare between the two factions brought tin mine production to a standstill, prompting the British, HP 519265-001 Laptop Keyboard

who ruled Selangor as one of theFederated Malay States at the time, to appoint a Chinese Kapitan (headman) to administer Kuala Lumpur.[16] Hiu Siew, the owner of a mine in Lukut, was elected as the first Kapitan. As one of the first traders to arrive in Ampang (along with Yap Ah Sze), he sold provisions to the miners in exchange for tin.[17]  Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard

During the early times, Kuala Lumpur had many problems, including the Selangor Civil War; it was also plagued by diseases and constant fires and floods.[13] Around the 1870s, the third Chinese Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur, HP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard

 Yap Ah Loy, emerged as leader, and became responsible for the survival and subsequent systematic growth of this town. He began to develop Kuala Lumpur from a small, obscure settlement into a booming mining town.[18] In 1880, the state capital of Selangor was moved from Klang to the more strategically advantageous Kuala Lumpur.[19] HP Pavilion G6-1223TX Laptop Keyboard

In 1881, a flood swept through the town, following a fire that had engulfed it earlier. These successive problems destroyed the town's structures of wood and atap(thatching). As a response, Frank Swettenham, the British Resident of Selangor, required that buildings be constructed of brick and tile.[19]  HP Mini 110-1032NR Laptop Keyboard

 Hence, Kapitan Yap Ah Loy bought a sprawling piece of real estate for the setting up of a brick industry which would spur the rebuilding of Kuala Lumpur. This place is the eponymousBrickfields. Hence, destroyed atap buildings were replaced with brick and tiled ones. DELL Precision M4500 Laptop Keyboard

He restructured the building layout of the city. Many of the new brick buildings mirrored those of shop houses in southern China, characterised by "five foot ways" as well as skilled Chinese carpentry work. This resulted in a distinct eclectic shop house architecture typical to this region.  IBM Lenovo Thinkpad X201 Laptop Keyboard

A railway line increased accessibility into the growing town. Development intensified in the 1890s, leading to the creation of a Sanitary Board. Kapitan Yap Ah Loy spent a sum of $20,000 to expand road access in the city significantly, linking up tin mines with the city, these roads include the main arterial roads ofAmpang Road, Pudu Road and Petaling Street.[citation needed] HP Pavilion DV6-6B00 Laptop Keyboard

As Chinese Kapitan, he was vested with wide powers on par with Malay community leaders. He implemented law reforms and introduced new legal measures. He would also preside over a small claims court. With a police force amounting only 6, he was able to uphold to rule of law. HP Mini 110-1169TU Laptop Keyboard

He built a prison which could accommodate 60 prisoners at any time. Kapitan Yap Ah Loy also built Kuala Lumpur's first school and a major tapioca mill in Petaling Street of which the Selangor's Sultan Abdul Samad had an interest.[citation needed] ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard

In 1896, Kuala Lumpur was chosen as the capital of the newly formed Federated Malay States.[20] A mixture of different communities settled in various sections of Kuala Lumpur. The Chinese mainly settled around the commercial centre of Market Square, east of the Klang River, and towards Chinatown. The Malays, Indian Chettiars, and Indian Muslims resided along Java Street (now Jalan Tun Perak). The Padang, now known as Merdeka Square, was the centre of the British administrative offices.[13] HP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard

During World War II, Kuala Lumpur was captured by the Imperial Japanese Army on January 11, 1942. They occupied the city until August 15, 1945, when the commander in chief of the Japanese Seventh Area Army in Singapore and Malaya, Seishirō Itagaki, HP Pavilion dv6-2132se Laptop Keyboard

surrendered to the British administration following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[21] Kuala Lumpur grew through the war, the rubber and tin commodity crashes and the Malayan Emergency, during which Malaya was preoccupied with the communistinsurgency.[19] In 1957, the Federation of Malaya gained its independence from British rule.[22] Kuala Lumpur remained the capital through the formation of Malaysia on September 16, 1963. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard

On 13 May 1969, the worst race riots on record in Malaysia took place in Kuala Lumpur.[23]The so-called May 13 incident refers to the occurrence of violence between members of theMalay and the Chinese communities, with the former apparently dissatisfied with their socio-political status at that time. The riots resulted in the deaths of 196 people,[23] and led to major changes in the country's economic policy to promote and prioritise Malay economic development over that of the other ethnicities. SONY Vaio VGN-AW31M/H laptop keyboard

Kuala Lumpur later achieved city status in 1972,[24] becoming the first settlement in Malaysia to be granted the status after independence. Later, on February 1, 1974, Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory.[25] Kuala Lumpur ceased to be the capital of Selangor in 1978 after the city of Shah Alam was declared the new state capital.[26] On 14 May 1990, Kuala Lumpur celebrated 100 years of local authority. The new federal territory Kuala Lumpur flag and anthem were introduced. Compaq Presario CQ36-105TX laptop keyboard

On February 1, 2001, Putrajaya was declared a Federal Territory, as well as the seat of the federal government.[27] The administrative and judicial functions of the government were shifted from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya. Kuala Lumpur however still retained its legislative function,[28] and remained the home of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Constitutional King).[29] HP Pavilion ze4600 laptop keyboard

The geography of Kuala Lumpur is characterized by a huge valley known as Klang Valley. The valley is bordered by theTitiwangsa Mountains in the east, several minor ranges in the north and the south and the Strait of Malacca in the west. Kuala Lumpur is a Malay term which translates to "muddy confluence" as it is located at the confluence of the Klang andGombak rivers.[30] SONY VAIO VGN-FS215S laptop keyboard

Located in the centre of Selangor state, Kuala Lumpur was previously under the rule of Selangor State Government. In 1974, Kuala Lumpur was separated from Selangor to form the first Federal Territory governed directly by the Malaysian Federal Government. SONY VAIO VGN-FZ19VN laptop keyboard

Its location on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, which has wider flat land than the east coast, has contributed to its faster development relative to other cities in Malaysia.[citation needed] The municipality of the city covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mi),[3] with an average elevation of 21.95 m (72.0 ft).[31] SONY VAIO PCG-F150 laptop keyboard

Protected by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east and Indonesia's Sumatra Island in the west, Kuala Lumpur has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) which is warm and sunny, along with abundant rainfall, especially during the northeast monsoon season from October to March. Temperatures tend to remain constant. Maximums hover between 31 and 33 °C (88 and 91 °F) and have never exceeded 39.3 °C (102.7 °F), HP G61-110SA laptop keyboard

while minimums hover between 22 and 23.5 °C (72 and 74 °F) and have never fallen below 14.4 °C (57.9 °F).[32][33] Kuala Lumpur typically receives minimum 2,600 mm (100 in) of rain annually; June and July are relatively dry, but even then rainfall typically exceeds 127 millimetres (5.0 in) per month.[34][35] HP SG-46100-XUA laptop keyboard

Flooding is a frequent occurrence in Kuala Lumpur whenever there is a heavy downpour, especially in the city centre and downstream areas.[36] Dust particles from forest fires from nearby Sumatra sometimes cast a haze over the region. It is a major source of pollution in the city together with open burning, emission from motor vehicles and construction work.[37] Lenovo 0A62075 laptop keyboard

The local administration is carried out by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall, an agency under the Federal Territories Ministry of Malaysia.[40] It is responsible for public health and sanitation, waste removal and management, town planning, environmental protection and building control, Packard Bell NEW95 laptop keyboard

social and economic development, and general maintenance functions of urban infrastructure. Executive power lies with the mayor in the city hall, who is appointed for three years by the Federal Territories Minister. This system of appointing the mayor has been in place ever since the local government elections were suspended in 1970.[42] HP Pavilion DV7-2043cl laptop keyboard

Kuala Lumpur is home to the Parliament of Malaysia. The hierarchy of authority in Malaysia, in accordance with the Federal Constitution, has stipulated the three branches, of the Malaysian government as consisting of the Executive, Judiciary and Legislative branches. Whereas, the Parliament, which consists of theDewan Negara (Upper House / House of Senate) and Dewan Rakyat (Lower House / House of Representatives).[10] Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 laptop keyboard

The city of Kuala Lumpur is represented in the Lower House by eleven Members of Parliament (MPs),[43] who are elected to five-year terms. The 2008 General Elections witnessed the first time opposition parties gained majority in the Federal Territory's parliamentary constituencies. SONY 148701522 laptop keyboard

The People's Coalition pact, comprising the Democratic Action Party (DAP), People's Justice Party (PKR), and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), swept five seats, four seats and one seat respectively, whereas the ruling National Front (Barisan Nasional) controls only one. SONY VAIO VGN-CR507E laptop keyboard

Kuala Lumpur and its surrounding urban areas form the most industrialized and economically, the fastest growing region in Malaysia.[44] Despite the relocation of federal government administration to Putrajaya, certain government institutions such as Bank Negara Malaysia (National Bank of Malaysia), Companies Commission of Malaysia and Securities Commission as well as most embassies and diplomatic missions have remained in the city.[45] HP Pavilion G60-213EM laptop keyboard

The city remains as the economic and business centre of the country. Kuala Lumpur is a centre for finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur is rated as an alpha world city, and is the only global city in Malaysia, according to the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC).[46] HP Pavilion dv6-2132se laptop keyboard

The infrastructure development in the surrounding areas such as the Kuala Lumpur International Airport at Sepang, the creation of the Multimedia Super Corridor and the expansion of Port Klang further reinforce the economic significance of the city. TOSHIBA Satellite U305-S7446 Laptop Keyboard

Bursa Malaysia or the Malaysia Exchange is based in the city and forms one of its core economic activities. As of 20 November 2007, the market capitalisation stood at US$318.65 billion.[47] HP 640436-001 Laptop Keyboard

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Kuala Lumpur is estimated at RM73,536 million in 2008 with an average annual growth rate of 5.9 percent.[48][49] The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur in 2008 is RM48,556 with an average annual growth rate of 5.9 percent.[48][50] The total employment in Kuala Lumpur is estimated at around 838,400.[51] The service sector comprising finance, TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-SP5165RM Laptop Keyboard

insurance, real estate, business services, wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels, transport, storage and communication, utilities, personal services and government services form the largest component of employment representing about 83.0 percent of the total.[51] The remaining 17 percent comes from manufacturing and construction. DELL Vostro 1510 Laptop Keyboard

The average monthly household income for Kuala Lumpur was RM4,105 (USD 1,324) in 1999, up from RM3,371 (USD 1,087) four years prior, making it 66% higher than the national average.[52] In terms of household income distribution, 23.5% of households in the city earned more than RM5,000 (USD 1,613) per month compared to 9.8% for the entire country, while 8.1% earned less than RM1,000 (USD 323) a month.[52] Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard

The large service sector is evident in the number of local and foreign banks and insurance companies operating in the city. Kuala Lumpur is poised to become the global Islamic Financing hub[53] with an increasing number of financial institutions providing Islamic Financing and the strong presence of Gulf's financial institutions such as the world's largest Islamic bank, TOSHIBA NSK-TBD01 Laptop Keyboard

Al-Rajhi Bank[54] and Kuwait Finance House. Apart from that, the Dow Jones & Company is keen to work with Bursa Malaysia to set up Islamic Exchange Trade Funds (ETFs), which would help raise Malaysia's profile in the Gulf.[55]The city has a large number of foreign corporations and is also host to many multi national companies’ regional offices or support centres, SONY 148738121 Laptop Keyboard

particularly for finance and accounting, and information technology functions. Most of the countries’ largest companies have their headquarters based here and as of December 2007 and excluding Petronas, there are 14 companies that are listed in Forbes 2000 based in Kuala Lumpur.[56] DELL PVDG3 Laptop Keyboard

Other important economic activities in the city are education and health services. Kuala Lumpur also has advantages stemming from the high concentration of educational institutions located within its boundaries, providing a wide range of courses. There are numerous public and private medical specialist centres and hospitals in the city which offer general health services and a wide range of specialist surgery and treatment catering to locals and tourists. HP 605344-001 Laptop Keyboard

There has been growing emphasis to expand the economic scope of the city into other service activities such as research and development which supports the rest of the economy of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur has been home for years to important research centres such as the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, the Forest Research Institute Malaysia and the Institute of Medical Research[57] and more research centres are expected to be established in the coming years.  HP Mini 210-1070NR Laptop Keyboard

Tourism plays an important role in the city’s service-driven economy. Many large worldwide hotel chains have a presence in the city. Kuala Lumpur is the sixth most visited city in the world, with 8.9 million tourist per year.[58][59] Tourism here is driven by the city's cultural diversity, TOSHIBA NB200-10J Laptop Keyboard

relatively low costs and wide gastronomic and shopping variety. MICE tourism which mainly encompasses conventions— has expanded in recent years to become a vital component of the industry, and is expected to grow further once the Malaysian government's Economic Transformation Programme kicks in, and with the completion of a new 93,000m2-size MATRADE Centre in 2014.[60] Another notable trend is the increased presence of budget hotels in the city. HP Mini 311-1009TU Laptop Keyboard

The major tourist destinations in Kuala Lumpur include the Merdeka Square, the House of Parliament, the Petaling Street, the National Palace (Istana Negara), the Kuala Lumpur Tower, the National Museum, the Central Market, the National Monument,and religious sites such as theJamek Mosque and Batu Caves.[61SONY KFRSBA019A Laptop Keyboard

] Kuala Lumpur plays host to many cultural festivals such as theThaipusam procession at the Sri Mahamariamman Temple. Every year during the Thaipusam celebration, a silver chariot carrying the statue of Lord Muruga together with his consort Valli and Teivayanni would be paraded through the city beginning at the temple all the way to the Batu Caves.[62] SONY 147915321 Laptop Keyboard

The entertainment hub of the city is mainly centred in the Golden Triangle encompassing Jalan P. Ramlee, Jalan Sultan Ismail and Ampang Road. Trendy nightclubs, bars and lounges, such as the Beach Club, Espanda, the Hakka Republic Wine Bar & Restaurant, Hard Rock Cafe, the Luna Bar, Nuovo, Rum Jungle, the Thai Club, Zouk, and many others are located here. HP Probook 4520S Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur alone has 66 shopping malls and is the retail and fashion hub for Malaysia.[63]Shopping in Malaysia contributed RM7.7 billion (USD 2.26 billion) or 20.8 percent of the RM31.9 billion tourism receipts in 2006.[64] and Kuala Lumpur plays a big role in attracting consumers. ASUS U3S Laptop Keyboard

Suria KLCC is one of Malaysia's premier shopping destinations due to its location beneath thePetronas Twin Towers.

Apart from Suria KLCC, Bukit Bintang district has the highest concentration of shopping malls in Kuala Lumpur. It houses various cafes, alfresco dining outlets and retail malls. The Bangsardistrict also has a few shopping complexes, including Bangsar Village, Bangsar Shopping Centre,Mid Valley Megamall and The Gardens. TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-S5162 laptop keyboard

The Damansara subdivision north-west of Kuala Lumpur, though not in the city-proper, is the home of the only IKEA outlet in the country, and a cluster of locally operated malls like Cathay Multi Screen Cinemas, The Curve, Ikano Power Centre andOne Utama. HP Pavilion DV7-3173nr laptop keyboard

Apart from shopping complexes, Kuala Lumpur has designated numerous zones in the city to market locally manufactured products such as textiles, fabrics and handicrafts. The Chinatown of Kuala Lumpur, commonly known as Petaling Street, is one of them. Chinatown features many pre-independence buildings with Straits Chinese and colonial architectural influences.[65][66] SONY VAIO VGN-CS13G/Q laptop keyboard

Kuala Lumpur's Central Market (Pasar Seni), which was once the city's wet market, offers an assortment of arts and craft merchandise, varying from antiques and paintings to souvenirs and clothing. SONY 147915321 laptop keyboard

In 2000, the Malaysian Ministry of Tourism introduced the mega sale event for shopping in Malaysia. The mega sale event is held thrice a year — in March, May and December — during which all shopping malls are encouraged to participate to boost Kuala Lumpur as a leading shopping destination.[67] The city was ranked number 4th in the world's top ten best cities to shop in.[citation needed] DELL PVDG3 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur is the most populous city in Malaysia, with a population of 1.6 million in the city proper as of 2010.[4] It has a population density of 6,696 inhabitants per square kilometre (17,340 /sq mi), and is the most densely populated administrative district in Malaysia.[3] Kuala Lumpur is a primate city as it has an estimated metropolitan population of 6.9 million as of 2007.[69][70] Residents of the city are colloquially known as KLites.[71] IBM Lenovo Thinkpad X201 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur has a heterogeneous populace which includes the country's three major ethnic groups: theMalays, the Chinese and the Indians, although the city also has a mix of different cultures includingEurasians, as well as Kadazans, Ibans and other indigenous races from East Malaysia and Peninsula Malaysia.[51][72] DELL Latitude D830 Laptop Keyboard

According to the 2010 census by the Department of Statistics, the percentage of the Bumiputera population in Kuala Lumpur was around 44.2%, while the Chinese population comprised 43.2% and Indians 10.3%.[73] A notable phenomenon has been the increase in the presence of foreign residents in Kuala Lumpur, who now constitute about 9% of the city’s population.[51] DELL Vostro 3450 Laptop Keyboard

Birth rates in Kuala Lumpur have declined and resulted in the lower proportion of young people falling below 15 years old category from 33% in 1980 to slightly less than 27% in 2000.[51] On the other hand, the working age group of 15–59 increased from 63% in 1980 to 67% in 2000.[51] The elderly age group, 60 years old and above has increased from 4% in 1980 and 1991 to 6% in 2000.[51] HP V061130AS1 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur's rapid development has triggered a huge influx of low-skilled foreign workers from Indonesia, Nepal, Burma,Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, and Vietnam into Malaysia, many of whom enter the country illegally or without proper permits.[74][75] ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur is plural and religiously diverse. The city has many places of worship catering to the multi-religious population. Islam is practiced primarily by the Malays and the Indian Muslim communities. Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism are practiced mainly among the Chinese. Indians traditionally adhere to Hinduism. Some Chinese and Indians also subscribe toChristianity.[76] Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard

As of 2010 Census the population of Kuala Lumpur is 46.4% Muslim, 35.7% Buddhist, 8.5% Hindu, 5.8% Christian, 1.1% Taoist or Chinese religion adherent, 2.0% follower of other religions, and 0.5% non-religious. TOSHIBA Satellite P500 Laptop Keyboard

Bahasa Malaysia is the principal language in Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur residents are generally literate in English, with a large proportion adopting it as their first language.[citation needed] It has a strong presence, especially in business and is a compulsory language taught in schools.[72] HP Pavilion G6-1223TX Laptop Keyboard

Cantonese and Mandarin are prominent as they are spoken by the local majority Chinesepopulation.[77] Another major dialect spoken is Hakka. While Tamil is dominant amongst the local Indian population, other Indian languages spoken include Malayalam, Telugu, Hindi and Punjabi.[citation needed] HP Pavilion G60-442OM Laptop Keyboard

The architecture of Kuala Lumpur is a blend of old colonial influences, Asian traditions, Malay Islamic inspirations, modern, andpostmodern architecture mix.[78] Being a relatively young city compared with other Southeast Asian capitals such as Bangkok, Jakartaand Manila, most of Kuala Lumpur's colonial buildings were built toward the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. DELL NSK-DG101 Laptop Keyboard

These buildings have Moorish, Tudor, Neo-Gothic or Grecian-Spanish style or architecture.[79] Most of the styling has been modified to use local resources and acclimatised to the local climate, which is hot and humid all year aroundHP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard

Prior to the Second World War, many shophouses, usually two stories with functional shops on the ground floor and separate residential spaces upstairs, were built around the old city centre. These shop-houses drew inspiration from Straits Chinese and European traditions.[65][66] HP Pavilion dv6-2112sa Laptop Keyboard

Some of these shophouses have made way for new developments but there are still many standing today around Medan Pasar (Old Market Square), Chinatown, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Doraisamy, Bukit Bintang and Tengkat Tong Shin areas. TOSHIBA Satellite L750-ST4N02 Laptop Keyboard

Independence coupled with the rapid economic growth from the 1970s to the 1990s and with Islam being the official religion in the country, has resulted in the construction of buildings with a more local and Islamic flavour arise around the city. Many of these buildings derive their design from traditional Malay items such as the songkok and the keris. DELL Inspiron N5030 Laptop Keyboard

Some of these buildings have Islamic geometric motifs integrated with the designs of the building, signifying Islamic restriction on imitating nature through drawings.[80] Examples of these buildings are Menara Telekom, Menara Maybank, Dayabumi Complex, and the Islamic Centre.[81] HP G42-380LA Laptop Keyboard

Some buildings such as the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia and National Planetarium have been built to masquerade as a place of worship, complete with dome and minaret, when in fact it is a place of science and knowledge. The 452-metre (1,483 ft) tall Petronas Twin Towers are the tallest twin buildings in the world.[82] They were designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art.[83] TOSHIBA Satellite A305 Laptop Keyboard

Late modern and postmodern architecture began to appear in the late-1990s and early-2000s. With the economic development, old buildings such as Bok House have been razed to make way for new ones. Buildings with all-glass shells exist throughout the city, with the most prominent examples being the Petronas Twin Towers and Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. COMPAQ Presario C700 Laptop Keyboard

As of. September 2010 Kuala Lumpur's central business district today has shifted around the Kuala Lumpur city centre (KLCC) where many new and tall buildings with modern and postmodern architecture fill the skyline. SONY Vaio PCG-K33 Laptop Keyboard

According to the World Tallest 50 Urban Agglomeration 2010 Projection by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Kuala Lumpur was ranked 10th among cities to have most buildings above 100 meters with a combined height of 34035 meters from its 244 high rise buildings.[84] HP 605344-001 Laptop Keyboard

The Lake Gardens, a 92-hectare (230-acre) manicured garden near the Malaysian Parliament building, was once home to a British colonial official. The park includes a Butterfly Park, Deer Park, Orchid Garden, Hibiscus Garden and the Kuala Lumpur Bird Park, Southeast Asia's largest bird park.[85] Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard

 Other parks in the city include the ASEAN Sculpture Garden,KLCC Park, Titiwangsa Lake Gardens, Metropolitan Lake Gardens in Kepong, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Taman Tasik Permaisuri (Queen’s Lake Gardens), Bukit Kiara Botanical Gardens, Equestrian Park and West Valley Park near TTDI, and Bukit Jalil International Park. HP Pavilion dm1-1010st Laptop Keyboard

There are three forest reserves within the city namely the Bukit Nanas Forest Reserve in the city centre, the oldest gazetted forest reserve in the country 10.52 ha/26.0 acres, Bukit Sungai Putih Forest Reserve (7.41 ha/18.3 acres) and Bukit Sungai Besi Forest Reserve (42.11 ha/104.1 acres). SONY Vaio PCG-K215S Laptop Keyboard

Bukit Nanas, in the heart of the city centre, is one of the oldest virgin forests in the world within a city.[86] These residual forest areas are home to a number of fauna species particularly monkeys,treeshrews, pygmy goats, budgerigars, squirrels and birds. TOSHIBA Satellite L755-SP5102CL Laptop Keyboard

In Kuala Lumpur alone, there are 13 tertiary education institutions, 79 high schools, 155 elementary schools and 136 kindergartens.[89] HP Pavilion G6-1B59WM Laptop Keyboard

There are several notable institutions located in the city which have existed for more than 100 years, such as Bukit Bintang Girls' School (1893–2000, when shifted to Taman Shamelin Perkasa in Cheras and renamed SMK Seri Bintang Utara), Victoria Institution (1893); Methodist Girls' School (1896); Methodist Boys' School (1897); Convent Bukit Nanas (1899) and St. John's Institution (1904). FUJITSU Lifebook S7110 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur is home to the University of Malaya. Established in 1949, it is the oldest university in Malaysia, and one of the oldest in the region.[90] It is also the most prestigious tertiary institution in Malaysia, SONY VAIO VGN-FS315H Laptop Keyboard

having been ranked first among the universities in Malaysia in the 2004 Times Higher Education (THES) international rankings.[91] In recent years, the number of international students at University of Malaya has risen, a result of increasing efforts made to attract more international students.[92] SONY VAIO VPCF126FM Laptop Keyboard

Other universities located in Kuala Lumpur include International Islamic University Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman University,UCSI University, International Medical University, Open University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur University, Wawasan Open Universityand the branch campus of the National University of Malaysia and University of Technology Malaysia. ACER Aspire 5810T-8929 Laptop Keyboard

In the metropolitan state of Selangor which surrounds KL to form Greater Kuala Lumpur, there are also various universities, most notably the branch campuses of University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus located in Semenyihand Monash University Malaysia Campus in Sunway. HP Pavilion dv6-2112ez laptop keyboard

The National Defence University of Malaysia is located at Sungai Besi Army Base, at the southern part of central Kuala Lumpur. It was established to be a major centre for military and defence technology studies. This institution covers studies in the field of army,navy, and air force.[93] Toshiba Satellite A200-1E1 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

Kuala Lumpur is a hub for cultural activities and events in Malaysia. Among the centres is the National Museum which is situated along the Mahameru Highway. Its collection comprises artifacts and paintings collected throughout the country.[94]Kuala Lumpur also has an Islamic Arts Museum which houses more than seven thousand Islamic artefacts including rare exhibits as well as a library of Islamic art books.[95]  HP Pavilion tx2617ca laptop keyboard

However, the museum's collection not only concentrate on works from the Middle East, but also includes work from elsewhere in Asia, such as China and Southeast Asia. Kuala Lumpur has a Cultural Craft Complex coupled with a museum that displays a variety of textile, ceramic, metal craft and weaved products. TOSHIBA Satellite L675D-S7050 laptop keyboard

All the information of the production process are portrayed in diorama format complete with historical facts, technique and traditionally engineered equipment. Among the processes shown are pottery making, intricate wood carving, silver-smithing, weaving songket cloth, stamping batik patterns on cloth and boat making.[96] HP Pavilion tx2500 laptop keyboard

Royal Selangor has an ultra modern visitor's centre, which allows tours to be conducted through its pewter museum, gallery and its factory. In its pewtersmithing workshop, "The School of Hard Knocks," participants are taught to create their own pewter dish using traditional tools and methods. SONY VAIO VGN-NR51 laptop keyboard

The premier performing arts venue is the Petronas Philharmonic Hall. The resident orchestra is the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra (MPO), consisting of musicians from all over the world and features regular concerts, chamber concerts and traditional cultural performances.[97]  Lenovo 45N2141 laptop keyboard

The Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPac) in Sentul West is one of the most established centres for the performing arts, notably theatre, music, and film screening, in the country. It has housed many local productions and has been a supporter of local and regional independent performance artists.[98] HP 605344-001 laptop keyboard

One of the highlights in 2006 was the KL Sing Song 2006 music fest which featured Malaysian singer-songwriters of various cultural backgrounds, from both West and East Malaysia, through two days of performances and workshops.[99] SONY Vaio PCG-K315M laptop keyboard

The National Art Gallery of Malaysia is located on Jalan Temerloh, off Jalan Tun Razak on a 5.67-hectare (14.0-acre) site neighbouring the National Theater (Istana Budaya) and National Library. The architecture of the gallery incorporates elements of traditional Malay architecture,  Lenovo Ideapad Y520 laptop keyboard

as well as contemporary modern architecture. The National Art Gallery serves as a centre of excellence and trustee of the national art heritage. The Petronas Art Gallery, another centre for fine art, is situated in Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC). The Galeri Tangsi near Dataran Merdeka houses exhibitions of works by local and foreign artists. HP 519265-001 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur holds the Malaysia International Gourmet Festival annually.[100] Another event hosted annually by the city is the Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week,[101]which includes international brands as well as local designers. FUJITSU Amilo Mini Ui 3520 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur also is becoming the center for new media, innovation and creative industry development in the region and hosts the international creative industry event, Kreative.Asia. Kreative.Asia gathers local, regional and international experts in the creative industry who are involved in the creation, development and delivery of interactive content, arts, community and applications. Kuala Lumpur is at the forefront of the convergence of media, art, culture and communications. HP 519265-001 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur has numerous parks, gardens and open spaces for recreational purposes. Total open space for recreational and sport facilities land use in the city has increased significantly by 169.6 percent from 5.86 square kilometres (1,450 acres) in 1984 to 15.8 square kilometres (3,900 acres) in 2000.[102]  HP Mini 110-3135dx Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur is one of the host cities for the Formula One World Championship,[103] the open-wheel auto racing A1 Grand Prix[104] and the Motorcycle Grand Prix[105] with races being held at Sepang International Circuit in the neighbouring state of Selangor, next to the Kuala Lumpur International Airport.  Lenovo ThinkPad T410-2516 Laptop Keyboard

The Formula One event contributes significantly to tourist arrivals and tourism income to Kuala Lumpur. This was evident during the Asian Financial Crisis in 1998. Despite cities around Asia suffering declining tourist arrivals, Kuala Lumpur tourist arrivals increased from 6,210,900 in 1997 to 10,221,600 in 2000, or 64.6% increase in tourist arrivals.[106] SONY VAIO VGN-NR21J/S Laptop Keyboard

KL Grand Prix CSI 5*,[107] a five-star international showjumping equestrian event is held annually in the city. This annual event draws the world’s top riders and their prized horses to Malaysia. SONY VAIO VGN-NR21J/S Laptop Keyboard

Other annual sport events hosted by the city include the KL Tower Run,[108] the KL Tower International BASE Jump Merdeka Circuit and the Kuala Lumpur International Marathon. Kuala Lumpur is also one of the stages of the Tour de Langkawi cycling race.[109]  Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard

The annual Malaysia Open Super Series badminton tournament is held in Kuala Lumpur.

Kuala Lumpur has a considerable array of sports facilities of international class after hosting the 1998 Commonwealth Games. Many of these facilities including the main stadium (with running track and a football field), HP G42-364LA Laptop Keyboard

hockey stadium and swimming pools are located in the National Sports Complex at Bukit Jalil while a velodrome and more swimming pools are located in Bandar Tun Razak, next to the Taman Tasik Permaisuri Lake Gardens. There are also soccer fields, local sports complexes, HP G42-283LA Laptop Keyboard

swimming pools and tennis courts scattered around the suburbs. Badminton and ‘takraw’ courts are usually included in community halls. The AFC House which is the current headquarters of the Asian Football Confederation is built on a 4-acre (16,000 m2) complex in the Kuala Lumpur suburb of Bukit Jalil. ACER Aspire 5610Z Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur has several golf courses including the Kuala Lumpur Golf and Country Club (KLGCC) and the Malaysia Civil Service Golf Club in Kiara and the Berjaya Golf Course at Bukit Jalil. The city also has numerous large private fitness centres run by Celebrity Fitness, Fitness First, True Fitness and major five-star hotels. Lenovo 04W0872 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur is also the birthplace of Hashing which began in December 1938 when a group of British colonial officers and expatriates began meeting on Monday evenings to run, in a fashion patterned after the traditional British Paper Chase or "Hare and Hounds".TOSHIBA Satellite L775D-S7226 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur will host the 127th IOC Session in 2015 where the IOC will vote to elect the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics.[110]

There are several newspapers, including daily newspapers, opposition newspaper, business newspapers and also a digital newspaper, based in Kuala Lumpur. Daily newspapers include The Star, Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard

New Straits Times, theSun, Malay Mail, Kosmo!, Utusan Malaysia, Berita Harian, Harian Metro. Mandarin and Tamil newspapers are also published here on a daily basis, for example Guang Ming Daily, Sin Chew Daily, China Press, Nanyang Siang Pau and Tamil Nesan, Malaysia Nanban, Makkal Osai. SAMSUNG R520 Laptop Keyboard

Opposition newspapers such as Harakah, Suara Keadilan, Siasah and Wasilah are also based here. Kuala Lumpur is also the headquarters for Malaysia's state media public governmentterrestrial television stations such: HP Pavilion G6-1B59WM Laptop Keyboard

TV1 and TV2 a subsidiary of RTM and TV Alhijrah a subsidiary of Alhijrah Media Corporationwhich of Media Prima Berhad and Worldview Broadcasting Channel (Malaysia) Sendirian Berhad a media corporation which houses the private commercial terrestrial television stations such: TV3, NTV7, 8TV, TV9, TV Alhijrah and Worldview Broadcasting Channel. Programmes are broadcast in Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil. HP Pavilion dv6-2112sa Laptop Keyboard

The city is also home to the country's main pay television service such: Astro, a satellite television service, which broadcasts local and international television channels such: CNN International Asia Pacific, BBC World News, STAR World, FOX Movies Pemium andHBO Asia.[111] TOSHIBA NSK-TBD01 Laptop Keyboard

Al-Jazeera, the Doha-based Arab news network has launched a new English-speaking channel called Al-Jazeera English to boost its international viewership with one of its broadcast centres based in Kuala Lumpur.[112] HP Pavilion DV6-1014el Laptop Keyboard

Phoenix TV, a Hong Kong based television broadcaster has also announced plans to expand its regional business by partnership with local satellite TV provider,Astro.[113] In March 2008, Time Out, an international listings and events magazine, was launched in Kuala Lumpur as its 24th global city. Lenovo 45N2071 Laptop Keyboard

Kuala Lumpur has been featured in all aspects of popular culture such as movies, television, music and books. Television series set in Kuala Lumpur include A Tale of 2 Cities (starring Rui En and Joanne Peh). Movie theaters set in Kuala Lumpur include Police Story 3: Super Cop (starring Jackie Chan and Michelle Yeoh), Entrapment (starring Sean Connery and Catherine Zeta-Jones) HP G62-435DX Laptop Keyboard

and Children of Men (starring Clive Owen) where the Petronas Twin Towers were depicted in flames for a few seconds.[114] Kuala Lumpur was referenced in an episode of The Simpsons entitled "Bart Gets Famous", in which the Bumblebee Man stated that "a powerful tidal wave in Kuala Lumpur has killed 120 people".[115] SONY VAIO VGN-CR520E Laptop Keyboard

Books which were set in Kuala Lumpur include KL 24/7 by Ida M Rahim, Shireen Zainudin and Rizal Zainudin,[116] My Life As a Fake by Peter Carey, and Democracy by Joan Didion.[117] Kuala Lumpur is mentioned in many songs by local Malaysian artists such as Keroncong Kuala Lumpur by P. Ramlee,[118] Kuala Lumpur, Ibu Kota by Saloma, Chow Kit Road by Sudirman Arshad, DELL PVDG3 Laptop Keyboard

Senyumlah Kuala Lumpur by Alleycats, Streets of Kuala Lumpur by Murkyway, K.L. by Vandal, Kuala Lumpur by Poetic Ammo, Anak Dara by Azmyl Yunor, KL by Too Phat, Kotarayaku by Hujan & Altimet, Lagu Untuk Kuala Lumpur by Tom. Kuala Lumpur, along with Putrajaya, Hp Envy 13-1000 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan  

was featured in the music video for the single "Dancing Out" by South Korean boy band Super Junior.[119] Kuala Lumpur was also one of the destinations in The Amazing Race Asia and The Amazing Race.[120] Games have also been set in Kuala Lumpur. They include three levels of the gameHitman 2: Silent Assassin and two levels of the PlayStation 2 game Burnout Dominator. Hp Envy 13-1001TX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

Unlike most other Asian cities, driving is the main mode of commuting in Kuala Lumpur.[121] Hence, every part of the city is well connected by highways. As capital ofMalaysia, Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road network that leads to the rest ofPeninsular Malaysia. Hp Envy 13-1002TX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

In terms of air connectivity, Kuala Lumpur is served by two airports. The main airport,Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) at Sepang, Selangor, which is also the aviation hub of Malaysia, is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of city. The other airport is Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, also known as Subang Skypark and served as the main international gateway to Kuala Lumpur from 1965 until KLIA opened in 1998. Hp Envy 13-1003XX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

KLIA connects the city with direct flights to destinations in six continents around the world,[122] and is the main hub for the national carrier, Malaysia Airlines and low-cost carrier, AirAsia. KLIA can be reached using the KLIA Ekspres high-speed train service from KL Sentral which takes twenty-eight minutes,[123] while travelling by car or bus via highway will take about an hour. Hp Envy 13-1004TX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

Air Asia flights do not fly out of KLIA main terminal but from the Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT), which is served by buses from KL Sentral, and is a 20–30 minute taxi ride from the main terminal. As of 2007, Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport is only used for chartered and turboprop flights by airlines such as Firefly and Berjaya Air.[124] Hp Envy 13-1005TX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

Public transport in Kuala Lumpur and the rest of the Klang Valley covers a variety of transport modes such as bus, rail and taxi. Despite efforts to promote usage of public transportation, utilisation rates are low as only 16 percent of the population used public transportation in 2006.[121] Hp Envy 13-1006TX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

Rail transport in Kuala Lumpur encompasses light rail, rapid transit, monorail andcommuter rail. Kuala Lumpur is served by three separate rail systems which meet in the city and extend towards other parts of the Klang Valley, namely RapidKL Light Rail Transit, KL Monorail, and KTM Komuter. Hp Envy 13-1007EV Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

These lines have underground, elevated or at-grade stations around the city. The main rapid transit hub is KL Sentral which facilitates as an interchange station for the rail systems. KL Sentral is also a hub for intercity railway operated by KTM Intercity. It provides rail services to as far as Singapore in the south, and Hat Yai, Thailand, in the north.[125] Hp Envy 13-1007LA Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The largest public transportation operator in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley isRapidKL.[126] Since the take over from Intrakota Komposit Sdn Bhd, RapidKL has redrawn the entire bus network of Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley metropolitan area[127] to increase ridership and improve Kuala Lumpur's public transportation system. Hp Envy 13-1007TX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The management of RapidKL has adopted the hub and spoke system to provide greater connectivity, and cut down the need of more buses. RapidKL is also the operator of two light rail lines in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley, namely Ampang Line and Kelana Jaya Line.[128] By 2016, the Sungai Buloh – Kajang Line will be completed providing a faster efficient ride to the city centre. Hp Envy 13-1008TX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

In Kuala Lumpur, most taxis have distinctive white and red liveries. Kuala Lumpur is one of the major ASEAN city with taxis extensively running on natural gas. Taxis can be hailed from taxi stands or from the streets. Nevertheless, taxis are known to charge high rates for foreigners. Hp Envy 13-1010ER Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

Kuala Lumpur is served by Port Klang, located about 64 km (40 mi) southwest of the city. The port is the largest and busiest in the country handling about 6.3 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of cargo in 2006.[129] Hp Envy 13-1015ER Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (malay:) is the head of state of Malaysia. The office was established in 1957 when theFederation of Malaya (now Malaysia) gained independence. A literal English translation of the title is "He who is made Lord". However, common alternatives are "King",Hp Envy 13-1030CA Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

 "Monarch King", "Supreme Ruler", "Paramount Ruler", "Supreme Head of State", "Supreme Head of the Federation" or "Supreme Head of State of the Federation". Malaysia is aconstitutional monarchy with an elected monarch as head of state. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is one of the few elected monarchs in the world. Hp Envy 13-1030NR Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

Since 1993, the full title in Malay has been, Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong (His Conqueror Majesty The Supreme Lord of the Federation). Prior to that, the honorific Ke Bawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (The Dust Under The Feet of His Majesty) was also used. The consort of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is called the Raja Permaisuri Agong (Queen Lady Consort). The couple are addressed in English as "His Majesty" and "Her Majesty".Hp Envy 13-1050EA Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

In Malaysia's constitutional monarchy, the role of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is largely ceremonial. The constitution specifies that the executive power of the Federal government is vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and is exercised by him on the advice of the federal Council of Ministers. The latter is headed by the Prime Minister, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong from among the elected members of Parliament. Hp Envy 13-1050EF Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The 14th and current Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Sultan Abdul Halim of Kedah. His reign began on 13 December 2011 after his election by the Conference of Rulers. He previously served as the fifth Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 1970 to 1975. He is the first ruler to hold the position twice, as well as the oldest elected to the office at 83 years old.[1] The installation of the new Yang di-Pertuan Agong was held on 11 April 2012, at the new Istana Negara at Jalan Duta. Hp Envy 13-1050EG Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

In the event of a vacancy of the office (by death, resignation, or deposition by a majority vote of the rulers), the Conference of Rulers elects a new Yang di-Pertuan Agong as if the previous term had expired. The new Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected for a full five-year term. After his term expires, the Conference holds a new election, in which the incumbent would not be re-elected. Hp Envy 13-1050ES Laptop CPU Cooling Fan  

The position de facto rotates among the nine Rulers. The selection of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong initially followed an order based on the seniority (calculated by length of reign) of each Ruler in 1957 at the Federation of Malaya's independence from the United Kingdom. The Conference of Rulers, which has the power to disqualify a candidate, has sometimes varied the original seniority order, as noted above. Minors are automatically disqualified from office. Hp Envy 13-1099EO Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The Conference of Rulers has met regularly since 1895. The membership of the council includes the four governors (Yang di-Pertua Negeri), but only royal rulers are allowed to vote and stand for election as Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Hp Envy 13-1099XL Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The election is carried out by a secret ballot. The ballot papers used are not numbered, but marked with the same pen and ink, and are inserted into a ballot box. Only the Rulers participate in the election. Hp Envy 13-1100 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

A Ruler may appoint another Ruler as his proxy to vote on his behalf if he is unable to attend the Election Meeting.

During the election process, the Keeper of the Rulers’ Seal distributes the ballot with only one candidate. Each Ruler is requested to indicate whether the candidate is suitable or not to be elected as Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Hp Envy 13-1940EZ Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The most junior Ruler, who is not listed as nominee for the office of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, or the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is appointed to count the ballot papers together with the Keeper of the Rulers’ Seal. Hp Envy 13t-1000 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The nominee must have obtained a majority of five votes before the Ruler presiding over the Election Meeting offers him the office of Yang di-Pertuan Agong. If the successful nominee declines the offer or the nominated Ruler fails to secure the required majority votes, the voting process is repeated with the nomination of the second most senior Ruler in the Seniority List of Rulers. Rulers are named, and stand for election in turn. Hp Envy 14 Series Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The process is completed only after the Ruler has accepted the offer of the office of Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The Conference declares the Ruler as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to hold office for a term of five years. The ballot papers are destroyed in the presence of the Rulers as soon as the result of the election is announced. Hp Envy 14-1000wx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

On taking office as Yang di-Pertuan Agong, he appoints a regent for the duration of his five-year term for the state which he rules. Usually, but not always, the regent is a close relative. The regent acts as head of state in that state for every purpose except for the role of head of Islam, which is retained by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Hp Envy 14-1000xx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

This cycle was originally established based on the seniority. However, the current Rulers are named (and stand as a candidate) according to the cycle, irrespective of whether they are currently the most senior. Hp Envy 14-1001tx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

Since independence from British Colonial Rule, this has been the order of elected Yang di-Pertuan Agong. However, the order is not precedent and the election to the position of Yang di-Pertuan Agong is at the pleasure of the Conference of Rulers. As an Elective Monarchy, there is no line of succession to the throne of Malaysia. Hp Envy 14-1002tx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Four of the states of Malaysia have no hereditary royal rulers. These are Penang and Malacca in Peninsular Malaysia, andSabah and Sarawak on the island of Borneo. These four states, along with Malaysia's three federal territories, never supply the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Hp Envy 14-1003tx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

A Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong) is elected by the same process immediately after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The office is usually (but not always) held by the ruler next in line after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong exercises the functions of the head of state during the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's absence, or inability to exercise functions owing to illness or infirmity. SONY PCG-GR3N Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong does not automatically advance to become the Yang di-Pertuan Agong when a vacancy occurs in the office. The Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong acts as the head of state before the elections of the new Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Sultan Muhammad V of Kelantan from 13 December 2011 holds this office. SONY PCG-GR3N/BP Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The discretionary powers of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong pertain chiefly to appointing the Prime Minister, withholding consent to dissolve Parliament, and calling meetings with the Conference of Rulers "concerned solely with the privileges, position, honours and dignities of Their Royal Highnesses." SONY PCG-GR5BP Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

Under the Westminster System, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is expected to appoint a Prime Minister who will command the confidence of a majority of the elected lower house of Parliament, the Dewan Rakyat. Should the Prime Minister be or become unacceptable, he may be forced out by a vote of no confidence, SONY PCG-GR5E Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

which would require the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to dissolve Parliament on advice of the Prime Minister, or refuse to dissolve Parliament and appoint someone else as Prime Minister. Conventionally, the Prime Minister is the head of the party with a majority in Parliament. Since independence in 1957, this has been the Barisan Nasional(National Front, formerly known as the Alliance). SONY PCG-GR5E/BP Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong renews the appointment of a Prime Minister after every general election until the minister decides to step down. Whenever the Prime Minister chooses to dissolve Parliament, he calls for a general election. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may choose to refuse a Prime Minister's request to dissolve Parliament, as one of his discretionary powers. SONY PCG-GR5F Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

Trooping the Colour in Malaysia, although inherted from the British, has transformed into a grander and more Malaysian celebration on the first Saturday of June annually live on Kuala Lumpur's Independence Square, which is both open to invited guests and the general public. As the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong takes the salute on this day together with the commanders of the three services of the Malaysian Armed Forces, SONY PCG-GR5F/BP Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

the Joint Forces Command, Malaysia and the members of the Malaysian Armed Forces Council, of which he is the chairman, plus military personnel and veterans in attendance. He wears the No.1 dress uniform on that day, and as each of the 8 state monarchs are Colonel-in-Chief of selected Malaysian Army regiments as well as of the Royal Malaysian Air Force and the Sultan of Selangor serves as Commodore-in-Chief of the Royal Malaysian Navy, Acer Aspire 1412LC Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

he wears that regiment's colored sash as part of his ceremonial uniform (for the Army), or the RMAF blue or RMN white no.1 dress uniform. Acer Aspire 1412LCi Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

All three branches of the Armed Forces - the Malaysian Army (represented by the Royal Malay Regiment or other units), the Royal Malaysian Navy, and the Royal Malaysian Air Force - participate in the Trooping, in their No. 1 uniforms. The band in attendance is either the Central Band of the Armed Forces or the Band of the National Defence University. Acer Aspire 1412LM Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The Colours Party and the Escort for(to) the Colours also reflect the three participant Armed Forces branches. The Colours Party is composed of Ensigns, Colour Sergeants and assistant soldiers making up three Colours Parties from the Army, and there is also a single Colour Party each from the Navy and the Air Force. The Escort for(to) the Colours is a composite company, Acer Aspire 1412LMi Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

comprising an Army platoon and a squad each from the Navy and Air Force ready to receive their respective colours during the ceremony. The Parade Field Officer, Brigade Major and Adjutant are also from all the Armed Forces branches, and so too are the Regimental Sergeants-Major and Colour Sergeants. Acer Aspire 1412WLMi Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

In 1993, amendments to the Malaysian constitution removed the legal immunity of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the rulers in their personal capacity. A Special Court (Makhamah Khas Raja-raja) is established where civil and criminal proceedings can be made against a ruler with the approval of the Attorney General. The right to sue a ruler is limited to Malaysian citizens following a precedent. The Special Court also have jurisdiction where a ruler initiates legal actions against any party. Acer Aspire 1413 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

When a ruler is charged with an offence in the Special Court, he is required to stop exercising the functions of a ruler. In the event of a ruler being sentenced to imprisonment, he will cease to be a ruler unless a free pardon is granted.[4] Acer Aspire 1413LC Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong or any ruler cannot pardon himself or his immediate family. In such case, they may request clemency from the Conference of Rulers. Acer Aspire 1413LM Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong cannot be sued in court for his actions while carrying out his official duties. Any claims can be made against the federal government. Acer Aspire 1413LMi Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

A global city (also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center) is a city generally considered to be an important node in the globaleconomic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated, and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade. Acer Aspire 1414LMi Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The most complex of these entities is the "global city", whereby the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through socio-economic means.[1] The use of "global city", as opposed to "megacity", was popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, Acer Aspire 1414WLCi Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

 The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo[2] though the term "world city" to describe cities that control a disproportionate amount of global business dates to at least the May 1886 description of Liverpool by The Illustrated London News.[3] Patrick Geddes also used the term "world city" later in 1915.[4] Cities can fall from such categorization, as in the case of cities that have become less cosmopolitan and less internationally renowned in the current era, e.g., Alexandria, Egypt;Coimbra, Portugal; and Thessaloniki, Greece. Acer Aspire 1414WLMi Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

The first attempt to define, categorize and rank global cities using relational data was made in 1998 by Jon Beaverstock, Richard G. Smith and Peter J. Taylor, who all worked at the time at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom.[24] Further by academic researchers like Ronald Daus in Germany (Free University of Berlin), who focused on "extra-European cities, Acer Aspire 1415 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

predominantly in the Southern hemisphere".[25] Together, Beaverstock, Smith and Taylor established theGlobalization and World Cities Research Network. A roster of world cities was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5 and ranked cities based on their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law.[5] The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of global cities and several sub-ranks.[26] Acer Aspire 1415LMi Laptop CPU Cooling Fan

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