Dhaka
Dhaka (Bengali: ঢাকা pronounced: [ˈɖʱaka]; formerly spelled Dacca,[5] named Jahangirnagar[6] during the Mughal era) is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka Division. Dhaka is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia. It is located on the banks of the Buriganga River. Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, SONY VGN-FE31Z laptop keyboard
has an estimated population of over 12 million in 2008, making it the largest city in Bangladesh.[2] It is the 9th largest city in the world[7] and also 28th among the most densely populated cities in the world. Dhaka is known as the City of Mosques[8] and with 400,000 cycle rickshaws running on its streets every day, the city is also described as the Rickshaw Capital of the World.[9] HP Pavilion DV7-2177cl laptop keyboard
Under Mughal rule, the city was known as Jahangir Nagar (after Emperor Jahangir).[6] It was the capital of Bengaland the center of the worldwide muslin trade. The modern city, however, was developed chiefly under British rule in the 19th century, and became the second-largest city in Bengal, after Calcutta (presently Kolkata). HP Pavilion DV6-1040ej laptop keyboard
After the firstpartition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka became the capital of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, but lost its status as the regional capital after the partition was annulled in 1911. SONY VAIO VGN-AR820E laptop keyboard
After the partition of British India in 1947, Dhaka became the administrative capital of East Pakistan, and later, in 1971, the capital of an independent Bangladesh. During the intervening period, the city witnessed widespread turmoil; this included many impositions ofmartial law, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, military suppression, devastation during war, and natural calamities. TOSHIBA Satellite L750-ST4N02 Laptop Keyboard
Dhaka is the seat of government, parliament and judiciary in Bangladesh; as well as numerous public and private-sector corporations, banks and financial institutions, the international development organization BRAC, Compaq Presario CQ42-228LA Laptop Keyboard
the Nobel-prize winning development organization Grameen Bank and Bangladeshi civil society organizations. Dhaka is also a cultural hub and the home of various cultural academies and art institutions. It hosts several cultural festivals, including the Bengal-ITC SRA Classical Music Festival, the Dhaka Art Summit, the Dhaka Hay Literature Festival, theChobi Mela and the Dhaka World Music Festival. SAMSUNG R522 Laptop Keyboard
However, Dhaka suffers from chronic urban problems such as pollution and overpopulation due to the increasing rural-to-urban migration in Bangladesh. In recent decades, the city has seen modernisation of transport, communications and public works. The city is attracting large foreign investments and greater volumes of commerce and trade. It is also experiencing an increasing influx of people from across the nation, which has reportedly made Dhaka the fastest growing city in the world.[10] Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard
The word Dhaka is said to refer to the Dhak tree (Butea frondosa), once common in the area; or to Dhak (Bengali:ঢাক)-a huge membranophone instrument from South Asia which was beaten by order of Mughal Subahdar Islam Khan Iwhile inaugurating the capital in 1610;[11] or to Dhakeshwari ("The Hidden Goddess"),SONY Vaio PCG-K35 Laptop Keyboard
whose shrine is located in the south-western part of the city.[12] Some references also say that it was derived from a Prakrit dialect called Dhaka Bhasa; Dhakka used in the Rajtarangini for a watch-station; or it is the same as Davaka, mentioned in the Allahabadpillar inscription of Samudragupta as an eastern frontier kingdom.[13] TOSHIBA Satellite L750-ST4N02 Laptop Keyboard
The existence of a settlement in the area that is now Dhaka dates from the 7th century. The small area was ruled by theBuddhist kingdom of Kamarupa and the Pala Empire before passing to the control of the Hindu Sena dynasty in the 9th century.[14] The name of the city may have derived after the establishment of the Goddess Dhakeshwari's temple byBallal Sena in the 12th century.[15] TOSHIBA Satellite L300 Laptop Keyboard
The town itself consisted of a few market centres like Lakshmi Bazar, Shankhari Bazar, Tanti Bazar, Patuatuli, Kumartuli, Bania Nagar and Goal Nagar. After the fall of the Sena Empire, Dhaka was successively ruled by the Sultanate of Bengalas well as interruption of governors from the Delhi Sultanate. ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
In 1576, much of Bengal came under the control of the Mughal Empire. At the time, Dhaka emerged as Mughal military base, prior to this, Chittagong was the leading city of Bengal.[16] The development of townships and housing had resulted into a significant growth in population, HP 599572-001 Laptop Keyboard
as the town was proclaimed the capital (Rajmahal) of Bengal under Mughal rule in 1608, during this time many mosques, forts and universites had been built and Muslims were excused from paying taxes, this allowed many Muslims from surrounding areas to swell up the town transforming it into a city, ACER Aspire 5610Z Laptop Keyboard
it was at this time Dhaka was known as a city rather than a town or Fort.[17][18][19] Mughal documents record subahdar Islam Khan as the first administrator of the city.[20] Islam Khan named the city "Jahangir Nagar" (شهر از جهانگیر; City of Jahangir) in honour of Emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death. A major expansion of the city took place under the direction of a general Shaista Khan on orders from the Emperor Aurangzeb in the 17th century.[18][19] HP G42-364LA Laptop Keyboard
The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres (12 by 8 mi), with a population of nearly one million people and over a 100 universities and hundreds of mosques.[21] Mughal rule was severely weakend after the death of Aurangzeb and control of the Bengal switched hands once more, however it is noted that Mughal expansion and influences can still be seen in the region, as it was under Mughal rule that Islam came to be dominant. HP 636191-001 Laptop Keyboard
The British East India Company in 1765 gained the right to collect revenue (Diwani right) and later took over governing in 1793 when the Nawabs of Bengal were forced to abdicate all their authority over Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, and the city passed on to total British control. The city's population shrank dramatically during this period as the prominence of Calcuttarose,[22] SONY VGN-FE41M Laptop Keyboard
but substantive development and modernisation eventually followed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply launched in 1878.[23][24] The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Bengali soldiers.[19] HP Envy 15 Laptop Keyboard
During the abortive Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka was declared to be the capital of the newly established state of East Bengal and Assam, but Bengal was reunited in 1911.[17][18][19] Following the Partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the capital of East Pakistan. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard
The city witnessed major communal violence following the partition of India.[19] A large proportion of the city's Hindupopulation departed for India, while the city received a large influx of Muslims. As the centre of regional politics, however, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence.[19] Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
The adoption of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan led to protest marches involving large crowds. Known as the Bengali Language Movement, the protests resulted in Pakistani police firing which killed a number of peaceful student demonstrators.[25] Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Dhaka remained a hotbed of political activity, and the demands for autonomy for the Bengali population. And this population gradually gained momentum.[26] Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
The 1970 Bhola cyclone devastated much of the region, killed an estimated 500,000 people.[27] More than half the city was flooded and millions of people were marooned.[28]With public anger growing against ethnic discrimination and poor cyclone relief efforts from the central government, HP Probook 4510S Laptop Keyboard
Bengali politician Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman held a nationalist gathering on 7 March 1971 at Ramna Racecourse.[19][25] An estimated one million people attended the gathering, leading to the 26 March declaration of Bangladesh's independence.[25] In response, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight, which led to the arrests, torture and killing of thousands of people.[29] HP Pavilion dv3-2108tu Laptop Keyboard
After nine months of bloody battle with Indian Army and Mitra Bahini, the Pakistani Army surrendered to the Joint Forces on 16 December marking the end of the independence war of Bangladesh.[30] As the nation's capital, Dhaka saw a rapid and huge growth of the city population in the post-independence period, as migrant workers from rural areas across Bangladesh moved to the city.[31] TOSHIBA Satellite L300 Laptop Keyboard
The growth of commerce and industry along with the city's population has created further challenges to the services and infrastructure.[32] A real estate boom has followed the expansion of city limits and the development of new settlements such asUttara, Mohammadpur, Baridhara, Mirpur and Motijheel.[33] SONY VAIO PCG-FRV25 Laptop Keyboard
Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at 23°42′0″N 90°22′30″E, on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River. The city lies on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and covers a total area of 360 square kilometres (140 sq mi).[34] It consists of 41 thanas – Lalbagh, Kotwali, Hazaribagh, Sutrapur, Ramna, Motijheel, Paltan, Dhanmondi, Mohammadpur, HP Pavilion dv6-3192sf Laptop Keyboard
Tejgaon, Gulshan,Mirpur, Pallabi, Shah Ali, Turaag, Sabujbagh, Dhaka Cantonment, Demra, Shyampur, Badda, Kafrul, Kamrangir char, Khilgaon,Uttara etc. In total the city has 130 wards and 725 mohallas.[35] Dhaka District has an area of 1,463.60 square kilometres (565 sq mi) with a population of 18,305,671 in 2012; and is bounded by the districts of Gazipur, Tangail, Munshiganj,Rajbari, Narayanganj, Manikganj.[35] DELL Latitude D830 Laptop Keyboard
Tropical vegetation and moist soils characterize the land, which is flat and close to sea level. This leaves Dhaka susceptible to flooding during the monsoon seasons owing to heavy rainfall and cyclones.[36] DELL Precision M4500 Laptop Keyboard
There are many parks within Dhaka city, including Ramna Park, Suhrawardy Udyan, Shishu Park, National Botanical Garden,Baldha Garden, Chandrima Uddan, Gulshan Park and Dhaka Zoo. There are lakes within city, such as Crescent lake, Dhanmondilake, Baridhara-Gulshan lake, Banani lake, Uttara lake and Hatirjheel-Begunbari lake. HP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard
Hatirjheel-Begunbari is a new place of recreation for city dwellers. Hatirjheel covering 320 acres is transformed into a place of festivity at night but with serenity settling down. Colorful lights illuminating the wide expanse of concrete structures, lake and waterfronts would take anyone to a world of fantasy. SONY VGN-FE41M Laptop Keyboard
No wonder that within a few days since its inauguration on January 2 it has become a popular spot for city dwellers, who search for peace and beauty in their never-ending struggle in the concrete jungle of Dhaka. Hatirjheel seems to be a picture of Dhaka we could dream of. It is indeed a small piece of the capital that stood aloof from the rest. IBM Thinkpad Z61m laptop keyboard
The sight of its jam-free express roads, uncluttered footpaths, modern bridges, walkways along a lake stretching as far as our eyes can see would compel us to forget the city we hear, see and experience every day. The construction of a theater, park, garden and some other beautification projects has not yet been finished. Once the project is fully functional, the facilities would include an information centre, Packard Bell Easynote LM85 laptop keyboard
celebration point, viewing decks, benches at different points, game equipment for children, water taxi terminals and footbridges. Consultants from Civil Engineering Department of BUET and engineers of SWO of Bangladesh Army, Roads and Highways Department, Local Government Engineering Department and Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha have worked hard to turn this project into reality. SONY VAIO VGN-NR32Z/T laptop keyboard
Dhaka experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Dhaka has a tropical savanna climate. The city has a distinctmonsoonal season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C (71 °F) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64.4 °F) in January and 32 °C (90 °F) in May.[37] Approximately 87% of the annual average rainfall of 2,123 millimeters (83.5 in) Packard Bell Easynote TK85 laptop keyboard
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occurs between May and October.[37] Increasing air and water pollution emanating from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems affecting public health and the quality of life in the city.[38] TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-S5162 laptop keyboard
Water bodies andwetlands around Dhaka are facing destruction as these are being filled up to construct multi-storied buildings and other real estate developments. Coupled with pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy much of the regional biodiversity.[38] Lenovo 45N2240 laptop keyboard
The Dhaka municipality was founded on 1 August 1864, and upgraded to "corporation" status in 1978.[42] The Dhaka City Corporation is a self-governing corporation which runs the affairs of the city. Recently(i.e. 2011), Dhaka City Corporation has been divided into two administrative parts – these are (1) Dhaka City Corporation-North and (2) TOSHIBA Satellite M645-SP6001L laptop keyboard
Dhaka City Corporation-South – for ensuring better civic facilities. These two corporations are headed by two administrators. The incorporated area is divided into several wards, which have elected commissioners. The Dhaka Education Board is responsible for administering all public schools and most private schools with the exception of English-medium schools and madrassahs.[43][44] All madrassahs in Bangladesh are governed by a central board while English-medium schools are under separate educational and governance structures.[45] SONY VAIO VGN-FS415E laptop keyboard
The Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) was established in 1976 and has 6,000 personnel in 12 police stations.[46] With the rapid growth of the city, the force has been raised to 23,000 personnel and the establishment of 41 police stations has been completed and the creation of another 10 police stations is underway.[47] DELL Precision M4500 Laptop Keyboard
The city is divided into 25 (i.e. 2011) parliamentary constituencies. The two main political parties are the Awami League and theBangladesh Nationalist Party. Ramna contains the Secretariat, which houses most of the government ministries. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh and the Dhaka High Court are located in the city. The Bangabhaban palace has served as the official residence of theViceroy of India, HP G72-a10SV Laptop Keyboard
the governor of East Pakistan and presently the President of Bangladesh.[48] The Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban, designed by renowned architect Louis Kahn,[25] houses the unicameral national parliament. SONY 148084122 Laptop Keyboard
The Baitul Mukarram, developed with a design resembling the Kaaba of Mecca, is the national mosque.[49] Other historical monuments in the city include the Bara Katrapalace, the Lalbagh Fort, the Hoseni Dalan and the Ahsan Manzil.[50] ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
To fight rising traffic congestion and population, the national government has recently implemented a policy for rapidurbanization of surrounding areas and beyond by the introduction of a ten-year relief on income tax for new construction of facilities and buildings outside Dhaka.[51] IBM Lenovo Thinkpad X201 Laptop Keyboard
Aside from Chittagong, Dhaka has a water-borne sewage system, but this serves only 22% of the population while another 30% are served with septic tanks.[52] Only two-thirds of households in Dhaka are served by the city water supply system. More than 9.7 million tons of solid wastes are produced in Dhaka city each year. Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
While private and government efforts have succeeded in collecting refuse city-wide and using it as manure, most solid wastes are often dumped untreated in nearby low-lying areas and water bodies.[53] The utility in charge of water and sanitation in Dhaka, DWASA, addresses these challenges with a number of measures. It says that in 2011 it achieved a continuous water supply 24 hours per day 7 days a week, HP 519265-001 Laptop Keyboard
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an increase in revenues so that operating costs are more than covered, and a reduction of water losses from 53% in 2003 to 29% in 2010.[54] For these achievements DWASA, got a "Performer of the Year Award" at the Global Water Summit 2011 in Berlin.[55]In the future DWASA plans massive investment to replace dwindling groundwater resources with treated surface water from less polluted rivers located up to 160 km from the city.[54] Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
In 2011 Bangladesh's capital development authority, Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha, made rainwater harvesting for new houses mandatory in an effort to address water scarcity and reduce flooding. HP G62-470CA Laptop Keyboard
82% of the city's water supply is abstracted from groundwater through 577 deep tube wells, while four relatively small surface water treatment plants provide the remaining 18%.[56] Groundwater levels are dropping at two to three metres every year. The city's water table has sunk by 50 metres in the past four decades and the closest underground water is now over 60 meters below ground level.[ TOSHIBA Satellite L655-S5160 Laptop Keyboard
57][58] The Asian Development Bank estimated in 2007 that by 2015 a severe supply shortage would occur if the utility did not reduce groundwater abstraction.[59] Nevertheless, DWASA announced in 2012 that it will develop a new wellfield with 46 wells providing 150,000 cubic meters of water per day at a cost of 63 million USD, of which 45 million USD will be financed by the government of South Korea.[60] Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of1.8 billion USD (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to160 km from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of 1.63 COMPAQ Presario CQ41-204TX Laptop Keyboard
million cubic meters per year, compared to a 2010 supply of2.11 million cubic meter per year that is mainly from groundwater. As of 2011, funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a 250 million USD contribution from Danish development assistance.[54] In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at Munshiganj on the Padma River. Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard
The project costs 407 million USD, of which 290.8 million USD is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.[61] DELL NSK-D8001 Laptop Keyboard
Dhaka is the commercial heart of Bangladesh.[62] The city has a growing middle class population, driving the market for modern consumer and luxury goods.[18][63] The city has historically attracted a large number of migrant workers.[64] Hawkers, peddlers, small shops, rickshaw transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population[64][65] --HP G62-225DX Laptop Keyboard
rickshaw-drivers alone number as many as 400,000.[66] Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganised labour, while about 800,000 work in the textile industry. Even so, unemployment remains high at 19%.[67] As of 2009, Dhaka's Gross Municipal Product (GMP) is registered at $85 billion.[68] With an annual growth rate of 6.2%, the GMP is projected to rise to $215 billion by 2025.[68] FUJITSU Lifebook E8110 Laptop Keyboard
The annual per capita income of Dhaka is estimated at $1,350(USD), with 34% of households living below the poverty line,[69] including a large segment of the population coming from rural areas in search of employment,[63]with most surviving on less than $5 a day.[70] Packard Bell Easynote TK85 laptop keyboard
while Tejgaon and Hazaribagh are the major industrial areas.[71] Bashundhara-Baridhara is a developing economic area that will include high-tech industries, corporations and a large shopping precinct in about 5 years.[63] TheExport Processing Zone in Dhaka was set up to encourage the export of garments, HP Mini 210-2006sa laptop keyboard
textiles and other goods. Dhaka has two EPZs. They are home to 413 industries, which employ mostly women.[72] The Dhaka Stock Exchange is based in the city, including many large multinationals and BRAC are based in Dhaka.[73] Country's central bank Bangladesh Bank and Nobel Peace Prize winning organization Grameen Bank have their head-quarters in Dhaka.[74] HP Pavilion dv6-2147el laptop keyboard
Urban developments have sparked a widespread construction boom; new high-rise buildings and skyscrapers have changed the city landscape.[63] Growth has been especially strong in the finance, banking, manufacturing, telecommunications and services sectors, while tourism, hotels and restaurants continue as important elements in the economy of Dhaka.[64] Compaq Presario CQ71-410ED laptop keyboard
The population of Dhaka (areas under the jurisdiction of the Dhaka city corporation) stands at approximately 7.0 million. The city, in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area, is home to an estimated 12.8 million as of 2008.[2]The population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per year, SONY VAIO VGN-CS31Z/Q laptop keyboard
one of the highest rates amongst Asian cities.[64] The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, the city's population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s.[64] According to Far Eastern Economic Review, Dhaka will become a home of 25 million people by the year 2025.[76] Packard Bell PEW91 laptop keyboard
The literacy rate in Dhaka is also increasing fairly quickly. It was estimated at 62.3% in 2001. The literacy rate had gone up to 72.7% by 2010 which is significantly higher than the national average of 56.5%.[35] TOSHIBA V000120280 laptop keyboard
The city population is composed of people from virtually every region of Bangladesh. The long-standing inhabitants of the old city are known as Dhakaia and have a distinctive dialect and culture. Between 15,000 to 20,000 of the Rohingya, Santal,Khasi, Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 laptop keyboard
Garo, Chakma and Mandi tribal peoples reside in the city.[77] Dhaka also has a large population of Chinese, Korean,Indian, Burmese and Nepali expatriates working in different industries,students on SAARC scholarship and volunteer work. HP Pavilion dv6171CL laptop keyboard
Most residents of Dhaka speak Bengali, the national language. Many distinctive Bengali dialects and regional languages such as Chittagonian and Sylheti are also spoken by segments of the population. English is understood by a large segment of the population, especially for business purposes. SONY VAIO VPCF121GX laptop keyboard
There is a minority Urdu-speaking population, who are descendants of displacedMuslims from eastern India during 1947 and sought refuge in East Pakistan. The correct population is ambiguous; although official figures estimate at least 40,000 residents,[78] it is estimated that there are at least 300,000 Urdu-speakers in all of Bangladesh, mostly residing in refugee camps in Dhaka.[79][80] HP Pavilion DV7-3085dx laptop keyboard
Islam is the dominant religion of Dhaka's people. About 90% of the city practicing the faith of Islam; with a majority belonging to the Sunni sect. There is also a small Shia sect, and an Ahmadiya community. Hinduism is the second-largest religion, with about 9%, and smaller communities practice Buddhism and Christianity, both of about .5% each. HP Pavilion DV7-3186cl laptop keyboard
Annual events and celebrations of Independence Day (26 March), Language Martyrs' Day (21 February), Victory Day (16 December), Bengali New Year (14 April), Ekushey Book Fair (month of February), the Muslim festivals of Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, and the Hindu festivals including the Durga Puja and Kali Puja feature prominently in the city's cultural observances, events, SONY VAIO VGN-NW70JB laptop keyboard
and celebrations. Dhaka's people congregate at the Shaheed Minar and the Jatiyo Smriti Soudho to remember the national heroes of the Bengali Language Movement and the Bangladesh Liberation War. These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies on public grounds. Many schools and colleges organise fairs, festivals and concerts in which citizens from all levels of society participate.[83] SONY VAIO PCG-FX90G/K laptop keyboard
Despite the growing popularity of music groups and rock bands, traditional folk music remains widely popular.[84] The works of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and national anthem writer Rabindranath Tagore have a widespread following across Dhaka.[85] Lenovo 39T7385 laptop keyboard
The Baily Road area is known as Natak Para (Theatre Neighbourhood) which is the centre of Dhaka's thriving theatre movement.[86] Indian and Western music and films are popular with large segments of Dhaka's population.[87] Compaq Presario CQ56-110US laptop keyboard
Bangladesh Betar is the state-run primary provider of radio services, and broadcasts a variety of programming in Bengali and English. In recent years many private radio networks, especially FM radio services, have been established in the city such asRadio Foorti FM 88.0, Radio Today FM 89.6, Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
Radio Amar FM 88.4, ABC Radio FM 89.2 etc. Bangladesh Television is the state-run broadcasting network that provides a wide variety of programmes in Bengali and English. Cable and satellite networks such asEkushey Television, Channel I, ATN Bangla, Desh TV, RTV, NTV, Banglavision, Channel 9 Bangladesh and Independent TV are amongst the most popular channels. GATEWAY NV-54 Laptop Keyboard
The main offices of most publishing houses in Bangladesh are based in Dhaka. The Prothom Alo and The Daily Ittefaq are the most popular amongst the large number of Bengali language dailies, periodicals and other publications in the city. The Daily Star and The Independent are the major English dailies published.[88] The telephone concentration in Bangladesh is estimated at around 50% and this is much higher in Dhaka.[89] SONY KFRMBA151B Laptop Keyboard
Along with Bangladeshi cuisine and South Asian variants, a large variety of Western and Chinese cuisine is served at numerous restaurants and eateries.[63] Though restaurants offering multinational cuisine and the international fast-food and hotel chains have opened up in the city, unique Dhakaiya delicacies like Glassey, Hajir Biriyani (Haji's Biriyani), Nanna Biriyani, SONY VAIO VGN-C2S Series Laptop Keyboard
Laban,Borhani etc. are still very popular amongst Dhakaiyas. These delicacies are even offered to state guests. Dhakaiya Bakarkhani is the traditional food/snack of the people of Old Dhaka. It is famous for its quality and taste and it was highly praised by the royal court of the Mughal Empire in Delhi.[90] HP Pavilion G6-1223TX Laptop Keyboard
Dhaka has the largest number of schools, colleges and universities of any Bangladeshi city. The education system is divided into 5 levels: Primary (from grades 1 to 5), Junior (from grades 6 to 8), Secondary (from grades 9 to 10), Higher Secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary.[92] HP Compaq NC8430 Laptop Keyboard
The five years of Primary education concludes with a Primary Education Completion (PEC) Examination, the three years of Junior education concludes with Junior School Certificate (JSC) Examination, and next two years of Secondary education concludes with a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of Higher Secondary or intermediate training, which culminate in a Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) Examination.[92] HP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard
Education is mainly offered in Bangla, but English is also widely taught and used. A large number of Muslim families send their children to attend part-time courses or even to pursue full-time religious education alongside other subjects, which is imparted in Bangla and Arabic in schools, colleges and madrasas.[92] TOSHIBA Satellite L755-SP5102CL Laptop Keyboard
There are 52 universities in Dhaka. The Dhaka College is the oldest institution of higher education in the city and amongst the earliest established in British India, founded in 1841. Since independence, Dhaka has seen the establishment of a large number of public and private colleges and universities that offer undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as a variety of doctoral programmes.[93] DELL Latitude D620 Laptop Keyboard
The University of Dhaka is one of the largest public university[94] in the nation with more than 30,000 students and 1,300 faculty staff. It was established in 1921 being the first university in the region. The university has 23 research centres and 70 departments, faculties and institutes.[95] Eminent seats of higher education includeBangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Jagannath University and Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University. Dhaka Medical College and Sir Salimullah Medical College are two famousmedical colleges in the nation.[96] Dhaka's college campuses are often hotbeds of political conflicts.[97] Protests and strikes, and violence amongst police, students and political groups frequently disrupt public university campuses.[98][99] ACER Aspire 5810T-8929 Laptop Keyboard
Alongside public institutes of higher education there are some forty-five private universities in Dhaka. Notable private universities include East West University, North South University, American International University - Bangladesh, BRAC University, United International University, ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
Daffodil International University, World University of Bangladesh, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology and Independent University, Bangladesh (see:List of universities in Bangladesh), most of which are located in Mohakhali, Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara, Bashundhara, Uttara and Dhanmondi areas of the city. ACER Aspire 5740 Laptop Keyboard
The British Council plays an important role helping students to achieve GCSE and A Level qualifications from examination boards in the United Kingdom. This is in addition to holding several examinations for professional bodies in the United Kingdom, including the UK medical Royal Colleges and Accountancy. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard
Shopping in Dhaka is very easy. There are markets in almost every part of Dhaka, where household commodities are available. Shopping malls are also found in every major avenues; some of them are Dhaka New Market, Basundhara City, Karnafuly City Garden, Rapa plaza, Metro shopping mall, Toshiba Satellite A200-1E1 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
Concord twin tower, BCS Computer City, Navana Tower, Pink city, Mouchak Market, Eastern Plaza, Fortune mall, Eastern plus, Banga bazar, Razdhani market, Gausia complex, Holland Centre, Suvastu Nazar Valley, Cofidence Tower, Mollah tower, Lutfun tower, Eastern Mallika, Muskut plaza, North Tower, Razlaksmi complex, Multiplan Center and many more. Toshiba Satellite A105-S271 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
Kudrat E Khuda Avenue (former New Elephant Road) and its surrounding areas are very popular destination for shoppers. Jamuna Future Park is one of biggest shopping mall in the world with 4 million square feet shopping area. Chain shops like Shopno, Agora, Meena Bazar, Nandon, PQS are also found in most of the residential areas of the city. TOSHIBA Satellite M645-S4070 Laptop Keyboard
Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Dhaka and across the nation.[100] Teams are fielded in intra-city and national competitions by a large number of schools, colleges and private entities. The Mohammedan Sports Club and Abahani are two of the most famous football and cricket teams, maintaining a fierce rivalry, ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
specially in Bangladesh Premier League (football).[101] Dhaka Metropolis cricket team represents Dhaka city in National Cricket League, a region based domesticFirst-class cricket competition in Bangladesh. In domestic Twenty20 cricket, Dhaka has a Bangladesh Premier League franchise known as Dhaka Gladiators. ACER NSK-H361D Laptop Keyboard
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Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official Test cricket match of the Pakistan cricket team in 1954 against India.[102] The Bangabandhu National Stadium was formerly the main venue for domestic and international cricket matches, but now exclusively hosts football matches.[102] It was the host for the opening ceremony[103] of the 2011 Cricket World Cup while the Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium hosted 6 matches of the tournament including 2 quarterfinals.[104] The Bangladesh Sports Control Board, DELL Inspiron 6400 Laptop Keyboard
responsible for promoting sports activities across the nation is based in Dhaka. Dhaka also has stadiums largely used for domestic events such as the Bangladesh Army Stadium, the Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium and the Outer Stadium Ground.[105] The Dhaka University Ground hosts many intercollegiate tournaments.[106] SONY VAIO VGN-N38Z/W laptop keyboard
Dhaka also hosted South Asian Games for three times in 1985, 1993 and 2010.[107] Dhaka is the first city to hold the games three times. The Bangabandhu National Stadium was the main venue for all three editions.[108] GATEWAY M-6846 laptop keyboard
Dhaka is known as the rickshaw capital of the world.[109][110][111] Approximately 400,000 rickshaws run each day.[112] Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main mode of transport, with close to 400,000 rickshaws running each day – the largest number for any city in the world.[63][65] However, only about 85,000 rickshaws are licensed by the city government. TOSHIBA 9J.N5682.701 laptop keyboard
Public buses are operated by the state-run Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) and by private companies and operators. Scooters, taxis and privately owned automobiles are rapidly becoming popular with the city's growing middle class. The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine auto rickshaws with "Green auto-rickshaws" locally called CNG, which run on compressed natural gas.[114] TOSHIBA Satellite l25-s119 laptop keyboard
Taxis plying in the Dhaka roads are of two types. Yellow taxis have slightly higher standards in terms of comfort but are more expensive. They are required to have air conditioning; the fleet consists mostly of Toyota Corollas. Blue and black taxis are cheaper and lack air conditioning; the fleet consists mostly of Maruti 800.[citation needed] ACER NSK-H361D laptop keyboard
the other parts of the country through highway and railway links. Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata and Agartalahave been established by the BRTC which also runs regular bus services to those cities from Dhaka.[116] HP Pavilion dv6-2141ee laptop keyboard
The Kamalapur Railway Station, Airport (Biman Bandar) Railway Station and the Cantonment Railway Station are the main railway stations providing trains on suburban & national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway.[117] Bangladesh Railway also runs a regular international train service between Dhaka and Kolkata. SONY Vaio PCG-K45 laptop keyboard
The Sadarghat Port on the banks of the Buriganga River serves for the transport of goods and passengers upriver and to other ports in Bangladesh.[118] SONY KFRMBA151B laptop keyboard
The Shahjalal International Airport, located 15 km north of Dhaka city centre, is the largest and busiest airport in the nation.[119] It handles 52% of the country's arrivals and departures. Domestic service flies to Chittagong, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Cox's Bazar,Jessore, Barisal, Saidpur and international services fly to major cities in Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Western Europe.[citation needed] SONY VAIO VGN-FS115Z laptop keyboard
An elevated expressway system is under construction.[120] The Dhaka Elevated Expressway would run from Shahjalal International Airport-Kuril-Banani-Mohakhali-Tejgaon-Saatrasta-Moghbazar Rail Crossing-Khilgaon-Kamalapur-Golapbagh to Dhaka-Chittagong Highway at Kutubkhali Point. A longer second elevated expressway from airport-Ashulia is currently undergoing feasibility study.[121] COMPAQ Presario C700 Laptop Keyboard
The Dhaka Metro feasibility study has been completed. A 21.5 kilometer, $1.7 Billion Phase 1, metro route is being negotiated by the Government with Japan International Cooperation Agency. The first route will start from Pallabi, northern suburb of Dhaka to Sayedabad, southern section of Dhaka.[122] IBM ThinkPad T40p 2373 Laptop Keyboard
In September 1974, Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam met with Suharto and indicated that he would support Indonesia if it annexed East Timor.[174] On 11 November 1975, the Whitlam government was dismissed. This placed restrictions on the caretaker government of Fraser. DELL PK130AF2B00 Laptop Keyboard
Until the results of the 13 December election were known any action required approval from both political parties and the Governor General.[175] On 4 December 1975 Australia unsuccessfully sought a UN resolution to determine the independence of East Timor, the Australian Government evacuated Australians and other foreign nationals from Dili.[176] TOSHIBA G83C0000EA10 Laptop Keyboard
José Ramos-Horta arrived in Darwin on 5 December saying that aid agencies the Australian Red Cross and Australian Society for Intercountry Aid Timor (ASIAT) had been banned from East Timor. In the same news conference Horta said that East Timor, Fretlin Government would not accept any UN assistance that included Australia.[177]
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[178] Australia abstained from the 1976 and 1977 UN General Assembly Resolutions, and by 1978 became the only government to officially recognise East Timor as a province of Indonesia.[179]. IBM Lenovo Thinkpad X201 Laptop Keyboard
One year later, Australia and Indonesia began drafting a treaty to share resources in the Timor Gap. The treaty was signed in December 1989, with estimates ranging from one to seven billion barrels of oil to be secured.[180] This agreement, along with general economic partnership with Indonesia, is frequently cited as a crucial factor for the Australian government's position.[181] SONY VAIO VGN-FS550 Laptop Keyboard
And yet given that nearly 60,000 East Timorese had died during the fighting between Australian and Japanese forces that followed the invasion of Timor by the Japanese during the Pacific War[10] some Australians believed their government owed a special debt to the former Portuguese colony. DELL NSK-DG101 Laptop Keyboard
James Dunn, a senior Foreign Affairs adviser to theAustralian Parliament before and during the occupation, condemned the government's position, saying later: "What had been of vital strategic value in 1941 was, in 1974, irrelevant and dispensable."[182] Some Australian World War II veterans protested the occupation for similar reasons.[183] SONY VAIO VGN-FS742/W Laptop Keyboard
Successive Australian governments saw good relations and stability in Indonesia (Australia's largest neighbour) as providing an important security buffer to Australia's north, but the East Timor issue complicated co-operation between the two nations.[184] Australia provided important sanctuary to East Timorese independence advocates like Jose Ramos-Horta (who based himself in Australia during his exile). HP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard
Australia's trade with Indonesia grew through the 1980s and the Keating Labor Government signed a security pact with Indonesia in 1995 and gave relations with Jakarta a high priority.[185][186] The fall of Indonesian President Suharto and a shift in Australian policy by the Howard Government in 1998 helped precipitate a proposal for a referendum on the question of independence for East Timor.[165TOSHIBA Satellite A205-S5823 Laptop Keyboard
]In late 1998, Prime Minister John Howard and Foreign Minister Alexander Downer drafted a letter to Indonesia setting out a change in Australian policy, suggesting that East Timor be given a chance to vote on independence within a decade. The letter upset Indonesian President B. J. Habibie, who saw it as implying Indonesia was a "colonial power" and he decided to announce a snap referendum.[165] TOSHIBA NSK-TAJ01 Laptop Keyboard
A UN sponsored referendum held in 1999 showed overwhelming approval for independence, but was followed by violent clashes and a security crisis, instigated by anti-independence militia. Australia then led a United Nations backedInternational Force for East Timor to end the violence and order was restored. While the intervention was ultimately successful, Australian-Indonesian relations would take several years to recover.[165][187] DELL NSK-DJD01 Laptop Keyboard
The Australian Labor Party altered its East Timor policy in 1999 and adopted a policy of support for East Timorese independence and opposition to the Indonesian presence there, through its Foreign Affairs spokesperson Laurie Brereton.[188] Breretons' credibility was attacked by the governing Liberal-National Coalition government and its Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer, DELL Vostro 3450 Laptop Keyboard
and Prime Minister Howard. They were assisted in their campaign by the then-Labor-backbencherKevin Rudd[188] (who would later lead the Labor Party to victory in the 2007 Australian federal election). ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
Owing it´s strong relation with Indonesia, the Philippines initially was cold in the issue. In fact, not only that it denied Jose Ramos-Horta entry in 1997 (when he was supposed to give a lecture to the University of the Philippines), the President back then even included him in the immigration blacklist.[189] COMPAQ Presario C700 Laptop Keyboard
However, with the wide spread support from various countries, the Philippines finally changed its policy. After the Timorese Independence, the Philippines contributed medical and logistics personnel to Interfet, rather than ground troops. The United Nations even named a Filipino, Lieutenant General Jaime Delos Santos, to command the full-fledged UN peacekeeping force which takes over from Interfet on Tuesday.[clarification needed] DELL Inspiron 8500 Laptop Keyboard
Sharing the same Roman Catholic heritage, the Philippines became a natural ally and has maintained good relationship until now. It has now lifted Jose Ramos-Horta from the blacklist, not to mention that he is frequently giving lectures in various universities in the Philippines, most notably in the University of the Philippines and Ateneo de Davao. HP 640436-001 Laptop Keyboard
The day after the invasion, Portugal cut diplomatic ties with Indonesia and went on to support UN resolutions condemning the invasion. However, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Portuguese government appeared reluctant to push the issue; American Indonesia specialist, Benedict Anderson suggests this stemmed from uncertainty at the time over its application to the European Community.[178] SAMSUNG N140 Laptop Keyboard
Portugal's criticism mounted sharply from the mid-1980s, and due to public pressure, the country became one the highest profile campaigners in international forums for East Timorese self-determination.[190] Throughout the 1990s, Portugal took part in UN-brokered mediations with Indonesia.[191] ACER NSK-AL01D Laptop Keyboard
In the mid-1970s, the United States was completing a retreat from Indochina. A staunchly anti-communist Indonesia was considered by the United States to be an essential counterweight, and friendly relations with the Indonesian government were considered more important than a decolonization process in East Timor.[178][192] The United States also wanted to maintain its access to deep water straits running through Indonesia for undetectable submarine passage between the Indian and Pacific oceans.[178] SAMSUNG N140 Laptop Keyboard
On the day before the invasion, U.S. President Gerald R. Ford and U.S. Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger met with Indonesian president Suharto and reportedly gave their approval for the invasion.[193] In response to Suharto saying "We want your understanding if it was deemed necessary to take rapid or drastic action [in East Timor]." Ford replied, "We will understand and not press you on the issue. DELL INSPIRON 1464 Laptop Keyboard
We understand the problem and the intentions you have." Kissinger similarly agreed, though he had fears that the use of US-made arms in the invasion would be exposed to public scrutiny, talking of their desire to "influence the reaction in America" so that "there would be less chance of people talking in an unauthorised way."[194] The US also hoped the invasion would be swift and not involve protracted resistance. HP Pavilion DV7-4053 Laptop Keyboard
"It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly," Kissinger said to Suharto.[195]Kissinger's main fear appears to have been that a violent take-over by the partly communist FRETILIN party might inspire similar Communist victories throughout Asia and possibly even lead to secessionist revolts threatening the very survival of Indonesia as a state.[196] HP Mini 210-1109TU Laptop Keyboard
The US supplied weapons to Indonesia during the invasion and the subsequent occupation. A week after the invasion of East Timor, theNational Security Council prepared a detailed analysis which found that the vast majority of the military equipment was U.S. supplied.[197] While the US government said they had suspended military assistance from December 1975 to June 1976, ACER TravelMate 4600 Laptop Keyboard
military aid was actually above what the US Department of State proposed and the US Congress continued to increase it, nearly doubling it.[195]Between 1975 and 1980, when the violence in East Timor was at its climax, SAMSUNG N150 Laptop Keyboard
the United States furnished approximately $340 million in weaponry to the Indonesian government. US military aid and arms sales to Indonesia increased from 1974 and continued through to the Bush and Clinton years until it was stopped in 1999.[195] US arms provisions to Indonesia between 1975 and 1995 amounted to approximately $1.1 billion.[198] HP Pavilion dv6-3141ea laptop keyboard
The UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) stated in the "Responsibility" chapter of its final report that U.S. "political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation" of East Timor between 1975 and 1999. HP Pavilion dv6-3143sa laptop keyboard
The report (p. 92) also stated that "U.S. supplied weaponry was crucial to Indonesia's capacity to intensify military operations from 1977 in its massive campaigns to destroy the Resistance in which aircraft supplied by the United States played a crucial role."[199][200] ACER Aspire 5410 laptop keyboard
Evidence presented by Fretilin suggests that the degree of U.S. support for the Indonesian government's efforts in East Timor may have extended beyond that of diplomatic support and material assistance. A UPI report from Sydney, Australia dated 19 June 1978, quoted a Fretilin press release, TOSHIBA Satellite P300D-14A laptop keyboard
which stated: "American military advisers and mercenaries fought alongside Indonesian soldiers against FRETILIN in two battles ... In the meantime, American pilots are flying OV-10 Bronco aircraft for the Indonesian Air Force in bombing raids against the liberated areas under FRETILIN control."[201][202] TOSHIBA Satellite P300-18M laptop keyboard
The United States abstained from most of the UN resolutions censuring the Indonesian invasion.[178] Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the U.S. Ambassador to the UN at the time, wrote later in his memoirs: "The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. This task was given to me, and I carried it forward with no inconsiderable success."[203] DELL 0NC929 laptop keyboard
Britain, Canada, Japan, and other nations supported Indonesia during the occupation of East Timor. Britain abstained from all of the UN General Assembly resolutions relating to East Timor, and sold arms throughout the occupation. In 1978 Indonesia purchased eight BAE Hawk jet trainers, which were used during the "encirclement and annihilation" campaign. Britain sold dozens of additional jets to Indonesia in the 1990s.[204] HP G42-200XX laptop keyboard
Canada abstained from early General Assembly resolutions about East Timor, and opposed three. The Canadian government regularly sold weapons to Indonesia during the occupation, and in the 1990s approved over CDN$400 million in exports for spare weapons parts.[205] Japan voted against all eight General Assembly resolutions regarding East Timor.[206] GATEWAY M680 laptop keyboard
The Indian government also supported Indonesia, likening the occupation to its own seizure of Goa in 1961.[207] Some analysts remarked that Indonesia's delayed action also prevented peaceful transfer of East Timor to it, similar to the manner in which the French transferred Pondicherry to India in 1962.[208] Packard Bell NEW95 laptop keyboard
Member nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), consistently voted against the General Assembly resolutions calling for self-determination in East Timor.[209] IBM ThinkPad T42 2378 laptop keyboard
Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor(CAVR) reports a figure of at least 90,800: 17,600 unlawful executions and 73,200 starvation deaths (applying the study's margin of error). CAVR did not estimate an upper limit though it speculated that this could have been as high as 202,600.[3] The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.[3] Packard Bell Easynote TK81 laptop keyboard
Researcher Ben Kiernan says that "a toll of 150,000 is likely close to the truth," although one can throw out an estimate of 200,000 or higher.[210] The Center for Defense Information also estimated a total close to 150,000.[211] TOSHIBA Satellite A205-S5823 laptop keyboard
A 1974 Catholic church estimate of the population of East Timor was 688,711 people; in 1982 the church reported only 425,000. This led to an estimate of 200,000 people killed during the occupation, which was widely reported around the world.[212] Other sources such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch also support an estimate of over 200,000 killed.[213] HP 605344-001 Laptop Keyboard
According to specialist Gabriel Defert on the basis of statistical data available from the Portuguese and Indonesian authorities, and from the Catholic Church, between December 1975 and December 1981, approximately 308,000 Timorese lost their lives; this constituted about 44% of the pre-invasion population.[214]Similarly Indonesian Professor George Aditjondro, formerly of Salatiga University in Java, concluded from his study of Indonesian Army data that in fact 300,000 Timorese had been killed in the early years of the occupation.[215] HP 9Z.N4DUQ.001 Laptop Keyboard
Robert Cribb of the Australian National University argues that the toll was significantly exaggerated. He argues that the 1980 census that counted 555,350 Timorese, although "the most reliable source of all," was probably a minimum rather than a maximum estimate for the total population. "It is worth recalling that hundreds of thousands of East Timorese disappeared during the violence of September 1999, HP Pavilion DV7T-4100 Laptop Keyboard
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only to reappear later," he writes. The 1980 census becomes more improbable in the face of the 1987 census that counted 657,411 Timorese – this would require a growth rate of 2.5% per year, nearly identical to the very high growth rate in East Timor from 1970 to 1975, and a highly unlikely one given the conditions of the brutal occupation, including Indonesian efforts to discourage reproduction. Noting the relative lack of personal accounts of atrocities or of traumatized Indonesian soldiersLenovo Thinkpad T520 Laptop Keyboard
he further adds that East Timor "does not appear—on the basis of news reports and academic accounts—to be a society traumatized by mass death...the circumstance leading up to the Dili massacre of 1991...indicate a society which retained its vigor and indignation in a way which would probably not have been possible if it had been treated as Cambodia was treated under Pol Pot." Even Indonesian military strategy was based on winning the "hearts and minds" of the population, a fact that does not support charges of mass killing.[216] DELL Vostro 3550 Laptop Keyboard
Kiernan, starting from a base population of 700,000 Timorese in 1975 (based on the 1974 Catholic Church census) calculated an expected 1980 population of 735,000 Timorese (assuming a growth rate of only 1% per year as a result of the occupation). Accepting the 1980 count that Cribb regards as at least 10% (55,000) too low, Kiernan concluded that as many as 180,000 may have died in the war.[217] Dell Inspiron 2500 Laptop Keyboard
Cribb argued that the 3% growth rate suggested by the 1974 census was too high, citing the fact that the church had previously postulated a growth rate of 1.8%, which would have produced a figure in line with the Portuguese population estimate of 635,000 for 1974. DELL UW739 Laptop Keyboard
Although Cribb maintained that the Portuguese census was almost certainly an underestimate,[217] he believed it to be more likely correct than the church census, due to the fact that any church attempt to extrapolate the size of the total population "must be seen in light of its incomplete access to society" (less than half of Timorese were Catholic). Assuming a growth rate in line with the other nations of South East Asia, ACER TravelMate 3002WTCi Laptop Keyboard
then, would yield a more accurate figure of 680,000 for 1975, and an expected 1980 population of slightly over 775,000 (without accounting for the decline in the birth rate resulting from the Indonesian occupation).[217] The deficit remaining would be almost exactly 200,000. According to Cribb, Indonesian policies restricted the birth rate by up to 50% or more, HP 519265-001 Laptop Keyboard
thus around 45,000 of these were not born rather than killed; another 55,000 were "missing" as a result of the Timorese evading the Indonesian authorities who conducted the 1980 census.[187] A variety of factors—the exodus of tens of thousands from their homes to escape FRETELIN in 1974-5; the deaths of thousands in the civil war; the deaths of combatants during the occupation; HP Mini 110-3506tu Laptop Keyboard
killings by FRETELIN; and natural disasters—diminish further still the civilian toll attributable to Indonesian forces during this time.[187] Considering all this data, Cribb argues for a much lower toll of 100,000 or less, with an absolute minimum of 60,000, and a mere tenth of the civilian population dying unnaturally, for the years 1975–80.[218] ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
Kiernan responded, however, by asserting that the influx of migrant workers during the occupation and the increase in the population growth rate typical of a mortality crisis justifies accepting the 1980 census as valid despite the 1987 estimate, and that the 1974 church census—though a "possible maximum"—cannot be discounted because the church's lack of access to society might well have resulted in an undercount.[217] HP Mini 210-1000 CTO Laptop Keyboard
He concluded that at least 116,000 combatants and civilians were killed by all sides or died "unnatural" deaths from 1975–80 (if true, this would yield the result that about 15% of the civilian population of East Timor was killed from 1975–80).[217] F. Hiorth separately estimated that 13% (95,000 out of an expected 730,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates) of the civilian population died during this period.[187] DELL Vostro 3550 Laptop Keyboard
Kiernan believes that the deficit was most probably around 145,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates, or 20% of East Timor's population.[217] The mid-value of the UN report is 146,000 deaths; R.J. Rummel, an analyst of political killings, estimates 150,000.[219] DELL Precision M4500 Laptop Keyboard
Many observers have called the Indonesian military action in East Timor an example of genocide.[220] In a study of the word's legal meaning and applicability to the occupation of East Timor, legal scholar Ben Saul concludes that because no group recognised under international law was targeted by the Indonesian authorities, a charge of genocide cannot be applied. However, he also notes: " Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
The conflict in East Timor most accurately qualifies as genocide against a ‘political group’, or alternatively as ‘cultural genocide’, yet neither of these concepts are explicitly recognised in international law."[221] The occupation has been compared to the killings of the Khmer Rouge, the Yugoslav wars, and the Rwandan Genocide.[222] SONY VAIO PCG-792L Laptop Keyboard
Accurate numbers of Indonesian casualties are not known, however, some estimate up to 10,000 Indonesian troops died during the 1976–80 period.[223] Rummel estimates that 10–15,000 Indonesians died in the war.[219] The complete names of around 2,300 Indonesian soldiers and pro-Indonesian militias killed during the entire occupation is engraved into the Seroja Monument located in Armed Forces Headquarters in Cilangkap, south of Jakarta.[citation needed] FUJITSU Lifebook T4220 Laptop Keyboard
Saul goes on to discuss prosecutions of responsible parties for "crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other gross violations of human rights".[221] In the years after the end of the occupation, a number of proceedings have been carried out to such an end. The 1999 UN Security Council resolution authorizing UNTAET described the history of "systematic, widespread and flagrant violations of international and human rights law" APPLE A1278 Laptop Keyboard
and demanded "that those responsible for such violence be brought to justice".[224] To achieve these ends, UNTAET established a Serious Crimes Unit (SCU), which has attempted to investigate and prosecute individuals responsible for such violence. However, the SCU has been criticised for accomplishing relatively little, presumably because it is funded inadequately, SONY VAIO VGN-N31Z/W Laptop Keyboard
limited in mandate to crimes committed only in 1999, and for other reasons.[225] Indonesian trials purporting to punish those responsible for the violence were described as "manifestly inadequate" by a UN commission.[6] DELL Vostro 3550 Laptop Keyboard
Deficiencies in these processes have led a number of organizations to call for an international tribunal to prosecute individuals responsible for killings in East Timor, similar to those established in Yugoslavia and Rwanda.[6][7] A 2001 editorial by the East Timor NGO La'o Hamutuk said: Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard
An uncountable number of Crimes Against Humanity were committed during the 1975–1999 period in East Timor. Although an international court could not pursue all of them, it ... [would] confirm that the invasion, occupation and destruction of East Timor by Indonesia was a long-standing, systematic, SONY KFRMBA151B Laptop Keyboard
criminal conspiracy, planned and ordered at the highest levels of government. Many of the perpetrators continue to wield authority and influence in East Timor’s nearest neighbor. The future of peace, justice and democracy in both East Timor and Indonesia depends on holding the highest-level perpetrators accountable.[226] SONY VGN-FE28H Laptop Keyboard
In 2005, the Indonesia-Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship was set up with the goal of establishing the truth relating to crimes under the occupation, and healing divisions between the countries. It has received criticism from NGOs and was rejected by the United Nations for offering impunity. HP Pavilion G6-1223TX Laptop Keyboard
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Dhaka (Bengali: ঢাকা pronounced: [ˈɖʱaka]; formerly spelled Dacca,[5] named Jahangirnagar[6] during the Mughal era) is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka Division. Dhaka is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia. It is located on the banks of the Buriganga River. Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, SONY VGN-FE31Z laptop keyboard
has an estimated population of over 12 million in 2008, making it the largest city in Bangladesh.[2] It is the 9th largest city in the world[7] and also 28th among the most densely populated cities in the world. Dhaka is known as the City of Mosques[8] and with 400,000 cycle rickshaws running on its streets every day, the city is also described as the Rickshaw Capital of the World.[9] HP Pavilion DV7-2177cl laptop keyboard
Under Mughal rule, the city was known as Jahangir Nagar (after Emperor Jahangir).[6] It was the capital of Bengaland the center of the worldwide muslin trade. The modern city, however, was developed chiefly under British rule in the 19th century, and became the second-largest city in Bengal, after Calcutta (presently Kolkata). HP Pavilion DV6-1040ej laptop keyboard
After the firstpartition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka became the capital of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, but lost its status as the regional capital after the partition was annulled in 1911. SONY VAIO VGN-AR820E laptop keyboard
After the partition of British India in 1947, Dhaka became the administrative capital of East Pakistan, and later, in 1971, the capital of an independent Bangladesh. During the intervening period, the city witnessed widespread turmoil; this included many impositions ofmartial law, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, military suppression, devastation during war, and natural calamities. TOSHIBA Satellite L750-ST4N02 Laptop Keyboard
Dhaka is the seat of government, parliament and judiciary in Bangladesh; as well as numerous public and private-sector corporations, banks and financial institutions, the international development organization BRAC, Compaq Presario CQ42-228LA Laptop Keyboard
the Nobel-prize winning development organization Grameen Bank and Bangladeshi civil society organizations. Dhaka is also a cultural hub and the home of various cultural academies and art institutions. It hosts several cultural festivals, including the Bengal-ITC SRA Classical Music Festival, the Dhaka Art Summit, the Dhaka Hay Literature Festival, theChobi Mela and the Dhaka World Music Festival. SAMSUNG R522 Laptop Keyboard
However, Dhaka suffers from chronic urban problems such as pollution and overpopulation due to the increasing rural-to-urban migration in Bangladesh. In recent decades, the city has seen modernisation of transport, communications and public works. The city is attracting large foreign investments and greater volumes of commerce and trade. It is also experiencing an increasing influx of people from across the nation, which has reportedly made Dhaka the fastest growing city in the world.[10] Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard
The word Dhaka is said to refer to the Dhak tree (Butea frondosa), once common in the area; or to Dhak (Bengali:ঢাক)-a huge membranophone instrument from South Asia which was beaten by order of Mughal Subahdar Islam Khan Iwhile inaugurating the capital in 1610;[11] or to Dhakeshwari ("The Hidden Goddess"),SONY Vaio PCG-K35 Laptop Keyboard
whose shrine is located in the south-western part of the city.[12] Some references also say that it was derived from a Prakrit dialect called Dhaka Bhasa; Dhakka used in the Rajtarangini for a watch-station; or it is the same as Davaka, mentioned in the Allahabadpillar inscription of Samudragupta as an eastern frontier kingdom.[13] TOSHIBA Satellite L750-ST4N02 Laptop Keyboard
The existence of a settlement in the area that is now Dhaka dates from the 7th century. The small area was ruled by theBuddhist kingdom of Kamarupa and the Pala Empire before passing to the control of the Hindu Sena dynasty in the 9th century.[14] The name of the city may have derived after the establishment of the Goddess Dhakeshwari's temple byBallal Sena in the 12th century.[15] TOSHIBA Satellite L300 Laptop Keyboard
The town itself consisted of a few market centres like Lakshmi Bazar, Shankhari Bazar, Tanti Bazar, Patuatuli, Kumartuli, Bania Nagar and Goal Nagar. After the fall of the Sena Empire, Dhaka was successively ruled by the Sultanate of Bengalas well as interruption of governors from the Delhi Sultanate. ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
In 1576, much of Bengal came under the control of the Mughal Empire. At the time, Dhaka emerged as Mughal military base, prior to this, Chittagong was the leading city of Bengal.[16] The development of townships and housing had resulted into a significant growth in population, HP 599572-001 Laptop Keyboard
as the town was proclaimed the capital (Rajmahal) of Bengal under Mughal rule in 1608, during this time many mosques, forts and universites had been built and Muslims were excused from paying taxes, this allowed many Muslims from surrounding areas to swell up the town transforming it into a city, ACER Aspire 5610Z Laptop Keyboard
it was at this time Dhaka was known as a city rather than a town or Fort.[17][18][19] Mughal documents record subahdar Islam Khan as the first administrator of the city.[20] Islam Khan named the city "Jahangir Nagar" (شهر از جهانگیر; City of Jahangir) in honour of Emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death. A major expansion of the city took place under the direction of a general Shaista Khan on orders from the Emperor Aurangzeb in the 17th century.[18][19] HP G42-364LA Laptop Keyboard
The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres (12 by 8 mi), with a population of nearly one million people and over a 100 universities and hundreds of mosques.[21] Mughal rule was severely weakend after the death of Aurangzeb and control of the Bengal switched hands once more, however it is noted that Mughal expansion and influences can still be seen in the region, as it was under Mughal rule that Islam came to be dominant. HP 636191-001 Laptop Keyboard
The British East India Company in 1765 gained the right to collect revenue (Diwani right) and later took over governing in 1793 when the Nawabs of Bengal were forced to abdicate all their authority over Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, and the city passed on to total British control. The city's population shrank dramatically during this period as the prominence of Calcuttarose,[22] SONY VGN-FE41M Laptop Keyboard
but substantive development and modernisation eventually followed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply launched in 1878.[23][24] The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Bengali soldiers.[19] HP Envy 15 Laptop Keyboard
During the abortive Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka was declared to be the capital of the newly established state of East Bengal and Assam, but Bengal was reunited in 1911.[17][18][19] Following the Partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the capital of East Pakistan. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard
The city witnessed major communal violence following the partition of India.[19] A large proportion of the city's Hindupopulation departed for India, while the city received a large influx of Muslims. As the centre of regional politics, however, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence.[19] Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
The adoption of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan led to protest marches involving large crowds. Known as the Bengali Language Movement, the protests resulted in Pakistani police firing which killed a number of peaceful student demonstrators.[25] Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Dhaka remained a hotbed of political activity, and the demands for autonomy for the Bengali population. And this population gradually gained momentum.[26] Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
The 1970 Bhola cyclone devastated much of the region, killed an estimated 500,000 people.[27] More than half the city was flooded and millions of people were marooned.[28]With public anger growing against ethnic discrimination and poor cyclone relief efforts from the central government, HP Probook 4510S Laptop Keyboard
Bengali politician Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman held a nationalist gathering on 7 March 1971 at Ramna Racecourse.[19][25] An estimated one million people attended the gathering, leading to the 26 March declaration of Bangladesh's independence.[25] In response, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight, which led to the arrests, torture and killing of thousands of people.[29] HP Pavilion dv3-2108tu Laptop Keyboard
After nine months of bloody battle with Indian Army and Mitra Bahini, the Pakistani Army surrendered to the Joint Forces on 16 December marking the end of the independence war of Bangladesh.[30] As the nation's capital, Dhaka saw a rapid and huge growth of the city population in the post-independence period, as migrant workers from rural areas across Bangladesh moved to the city.[31] TOSHIBA Satellite L300 Laptop Keyboard
The growth of commerce and industry along with the city's population has created further challenges to the services and infrastructure.[32] A real estate boom has followed the expansion of city limits and the development of new settlements such asUttara, Mohammadpur, Baridhara, Mirpur and Motijheel.[33] SONY VAIO PCG-FRV25 Laptop Keyboard
Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at 23°42′0″N 90°22′30″E, on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River. The city lies on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and covers a total area of 360 square kilometres (140 sq mi).[34] It consists of 41 thanas – Lalbagh, Kotwali, Hazaribagh, Sutrapur, Ramna, Motijheel, Paltan, Dhanmondi, Mohammadpur, HP Pavilion dv6-3192sf Laptop Keyboard
Tejgaon, Gulshan,Mirpur, Pallabi, Shah Ali, Turaag, Sabujbagh, Dhaka Cantonment, Demra, Shyampur, Badda, Kafrul, Kamrangir char, Khilgaon,Uttara etc. In total the city has 130 wards and 725 mohallas.[35] Dhaka District has an area of 1,463.60 square kilometres (565 sq mi) with a population of 18,305,671 in 2012; and is bounded by the districts of Gazipur, Tangail, Munshiganj,Rajbari, Narayanganj, Manikganj.[35] DELL Latitude D830 Laptop Keyboard
Tropical vegetation and moist soils characterize the land, which is flat and close to sea level. This leaves Dhaka susceptible to flooding during the monsoon seasons owing to heavy rainfall and cyclones.[36] DELL Precision M4500 Laptop Keyboard
There are many parks within Dhaka city, including Ramna Park, Suhrawardy Udyan, Shishu Park, National Botanical Garden,Baldha Garden, Chandrima Uddan, Gulshan Park and Dhaka Zoo. There are lakes within city, such as Crescent lake, Dhanmondilake, Baridhara-Gulshan lake, Banani lake, Uttara lake and Hatirjheel-Begunbari lake. HP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard
Hatirjheel-Begunbari is a new place of recreation for city dwellers. Hatirjheel covering 320 acres is transformed into a place of festivity at night but with serenity settling down. Colorful lights illuminating the wide expanse of concrete structures, lake and waterfronts would take anyone to a world of fantasy. SONY VGN-FE41M Laptop Keyboard
No wonder that within a few days since its inauguration on January 2 it has become a popular spot for city dwellers, who search for peace and beauty in their never-ending struggle in the concrete jungle of Dhaka. Hatirjheel seems to be a picture of Dhaka we could dream of. It is indeed a small piece of the capital that stood aloof from the rest. IBM Thinkpad Z61m laptop keyboard
The sight of its jam-free express roads, uncluttered footpaths, modern bridges, walkways along a lake stretching as far as our eyes can see would compel us to forget the city we hear, see and experience every day. The construction of a theater, park, garden and some other beautification projects has not yet been finished. Once the project is fully functional, the facilities would include an information centre, Packard Bell Easynote LM85 laptop keyboard
celebration point, viewing decks, benches at different points, game equipment for children, water taxi terminals and footbridges. Consultants from Civil Engineering Department of BUET and engineers of SWO of Bangladesh Army, Roads and Highways Department, Local Government Engineering Department and Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha have worked hard to turn this project into reality. SONY VAIO VGN-NR32Z/T laptop keyboard
Dhaka experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Dhaka has a tropical savanna climate. The city has a distinctmonsoonal season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C (71 °F) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64.4 °F) in January and 32 °C (90 °F) in May.[37] Approximately 87% of the annual average rainfall of 2,123 millimeters (83.5 in) Packard Bell Easynote TK85 laptop keyboard
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occurs between May and October.[37] Increasing air and water pollution emanating from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems affecting public health and the quality of life in the city.[38] TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-S5162 laptop keyboard
Water bodies andwetlands around Dhaka are facing destruction as these are being filled up to construct multi-storied buildings and other real estate developments. Coupled with pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy much of the regional biodiversity.[38] Lenovo 45N2240 laptop keyboard
The Dhaka municipality was founded on 1 August 1864, and upgraded to "corporation" status in 1978.[42] The Dhaka City Corporation is a self-governing corporation which runs the affairs of the city. Recently(i.e. 2011), Dhaka City Corporation has been divided into two administrative parts – these are (1) Dhaka City Corporation-North and (2) TOSHIBA Satellite M645-SP6001L laptop keyboard
Dhaka City Corporation-South – for ensuring better civic facilities. These two corporations are headed by two administrators. The incorporated area is divided into several wards, which have elected commissioners. The Dhaka Education Board is responsible for administering all public schools and most private schools with the exception of English-medium schools and madrassahs.[43][44] All madrassahs in Bangladesh are governed by a central board while English-medium schools are under separate educational and governance structures.[45] SONY VAIO VGN-FS415E laptop keyboard
The Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) was established in 1976 and has 6,000 personnel in 12 police stations.[46] With the rapid growth of the city, the force has been raised to 23,000 personnel and the establishment of 41 police stations has been completed and the creation of another 10 police stations is underway.[47] DELL Precision M4500 Laptop Keyboard
The city is divided into 25 (i.e. 2011) parliamentary constituencies. The two main political parties are the Awami League and theBangladesh Nationalist Party. Ramna contains the Secretariat, which houses most of the government ministries. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh and the Dhaka High Court are located in the city. The Bangabhaban palace has served as the official residence of theViceroy of India, HP G72-a10SV Laptop Keyboard
the governor of East Pakistan and presently the President of Bangladesh.[48] The Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban, designed by renowned architect Louis Kahn,[25] houses the unicameral national parliament. SONY 148084122 Laptop Keyboard
The Baitul Mukarram, developed with a design resembling the Kaaba of Mecca, is the national mosque.[49] Other historical monuments in the city include the Bara Katrapalace, the Lalbagh Fort, the Hoseni Dalan and the Ahsan Manzil.[50] ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
To fight rising traffic congestion and population, the national government has recently implemented a policy for rapidurbanization of surrounding areas and beyond by the introduction of a ten-year relief on income tax for new construction of facilities and buildings outside Dhaka.[51] IBM Lenovo Thinkpad X201 Laptop Keyboard
Aside from Chittagong, Dhaka has a water-borne sewage system, but this serves only 22% of the population while another 30% are served with septic tanks.[52] Only two-thirds of households in Dhaka are served by the city water supply system. More than 9.7 million tons of solid wastes are produced in Dhaka city each year. Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
While private and government efforts have succeeded in collecting refuse city-wide and using it as manure, most solid wastes are often dumped untreated in nearby low-lying areas and water bodies.[53] The utility in charge of water and sanitation in Dhaka, DWASA, addresses these challenges with a number of measures. It says that in 2011 it achieved a continuous water supply 24 hours per day 7 days a week, HP 519265-001 Laptop Keyboard
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an increase in revenues so that operating costs are more than covered, and a reduction of water losses from 53% in 2003 to 29% in 2010.[54] For these achievements DWASA, got a "Performer of the Year Award" at the Global Water Summit 2011 in Berlin.[55]In the future DWASA plans massive investment to replace dwindling groundwater resources with treated surface water from less polluted rivers located up to 160 km from the city.[54] Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
In 2011 Bangladesh's capital development authority, Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha, made rainwater harvesting for new houses mandatory in an effort to address water scarcity and reduce flooding. HP G62-470CA Laptop Keyboard
82% of the city's water supply is abstracted from groundwater through 577 deep tube wells, while four relatively small surface water treatment plants provide the remaining 18%.[56] Groundwater levels are dropping at two to three metres every year. The city's water table has sunk by 50 metres in the past four decades and the closest underground water is now over 60 meters below ground level.[ TOSHIBA Satellite L655-S5160 Laptop Keyboard
57][58] The Asian Development Bank estimated in 2007 that by 2015 a severe supply shortage would occur if the utility did not reduce groundwater abstraction.[59] Nevertheless, DWASA announced in 2012 that it will develop a new wellfield with 46 wells providing 150,000 cubic meters of water per day at a cost of 63 million USD, of which 45 million USD will be financed by the government of South Korea.[60] Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of1.8 billion USD (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to160 km from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of 1.63 COMPAQ Presario CQ41-204TX Laptop Keyboard
million cubic meters per year, compared to a 2010 supply of2.11 million cubic meter per year that is mainly from groundwater. As of 2011, funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a 250 million USD contribution from Danish development assistance.[54] In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at Munshiganj on the Padma River. Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard
The project costs 407 million USD, of which 290.8 million USD is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.[61] DELL NSK-D8001 Laptop Keyboard
Dhaka is the commercial heart of Bangladesh.[62] The city has a growing middle class population, driving the market for modern consumer and luxury goods.[18][63] The city has historically attracted a large number of migrant workers.[64] Hawkers, peddlers, small shops, rickshaw transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population[64][65] --HP G62-225DX Laptop Keyboard
rickshaw-drivers alone number as many as 400,000.[66] Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganised labour, while about 800,000 work in the textile industry. Even so, unemployment remains high at 19%.[67] As of 2009, Dhaka's Gross Municipal Product (GMP) is registered at $85 billion.[68] With an annual growth rate of 6.2%, the GMP is projected to rise to $215 billion by 2025.[68] FUJITSU Lifebook E8110 Laptop Keyboard
The annual per capita income of Dhaka is estimated at $1,350(USD), with 34% of households living below the poverty line,[69] including a large segment of the population coming from rural areas in search of employment,[63]with most surviving on less than $5 a day.[70] Packard Bell Easynote TK85 laptop keyboard
while Tejgaon and Hazaribagh are the major industrial areas.[71] Bashundhara-Baridhara is a developing economic area that will include high-tech industries, corporations and a large shopping precinct in about 5 years.[63] TheExport Processing Zone in Dhaka was set up to encourage the export of garments, HP Mini 210-2006sa laptop keyboard
textiles and other goods. Dhaka has two EPZs. They are home to 413 industries, which employ mostly women.[72] The Dhaka Stock Exchange is based in the city, including many large multinationals and BRAC are based in Dhaka.[73] Country's central bank Bangladesh Bank and Nobel Peace Prize winning organization Grameen Bank have their head-quarters in Dhaka.[74] HP Pavilion dv6-2147el laptop keyboard
Urban developments have sparked a widespread construction boom; new high-rise buildings and skyscrapers have changed the city landscape.[63] Growth has been especially strong in the finance, banking, manufacturing, telecommunications and services sectors, while tourism, hotels and restaurants continue as important elements in the economy of Dhaka.[64] Compaq Presario CQ71-410ED laptop keyboard
The population of Dhaka (areas under the jurisdiction of the Dhaka city corporation) stands at approximately 7.0 million. The city, in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area, is home to an estimated 12.8 million as of 2008.[2]The population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per year, SONY VAIO VGN-CS31Z/Q laptop keyboard
one of the highest rates amongst Asian cities.[64] The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, the city's population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s.[64] According to Far Eastern Economic Review, Dhaka will become a home of 25 million people by the year 2025.[76] Packard Bell PEW91 laptop keyboard
The literacy rate in Dhaka is also increasing fairly quickly. It was estimated at 62.3% in 2001. The literacy rate had gone up to 72.7% by 2010 which is significantly higher than the national average of 56.5%.[35] TOSHIBA V000120280 laptop keyboard
The city population is composed of people from virtually every region of Bangladesh. The long-standing inhabitants of the old city are known as Dhakaia and have a distinctive dialect and culture. Between 15,000 to 20,000 of the Rohingya, Santal,Khasi, Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 laptop keyboard
Garo, Chakma and Mandi tribal peoples reside in the city.[77] Dhaka also has a large population of Chinese, Korean,Indian, Burmese and Nepali expatriates working in different industries,students on SAARC scholarship and volunteer work. HP Pavilion dv6171CL laptop keyboard
Most residents of Dhaka speak Bengali, the national language. Many distinctive Bengali dialects and regional languages such as Chittagonian and Sylheti are also spoken by segments of the population. English is understood by a large segment of the population, especially for business purposes. SONY VAIO VPCF121GX laptop keyboard
There is a minority Urdu-speaking population, who are descendants of displacedMuslims from eastern India during 1947 and sought refuge in East Pakistan. The correct population is ambiguous; although official figures estimate at least 40,000 residents,[78] it is estimated that there are at least 300,000 Urdu-speakers in all of Bangladesh, mostly residing in refugee camps in Dhaka.[79][80] HP Pavilion DV7-3085dx laptop keyboard
Islam is the dominant religion of Dhaka's people. About 90% of the city practicing the faith of Islam; with a majority belonging to the Sunni sect. There is also a small Shia sect, and an Ahmadiya community. Hinduism is the second-largest religion, with about 9%, and smaller communities practice Buddhism and Christianity, both of about .5% each. HP Pavilion DV7-3186cl laptop keyboard
Annual events and celebrations of Independence Day (26 March), Language Martyrs' Day (21 February), Victory Day (16 December), Bengali New Year (14 April), Ekushey Book Fair (month of February), the Muslim festivals of Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, and the Hindu festivals including the Durga Puja and Kali Puja feature prominently in the city's cultural observances, events, SONY VAIO VGN-NW70JB laptop keyboard
and celebrations. Dhaka's people congregate at the Shaheed Minar and the Jatiyo Smriti Soudho to remember the national heroes of the Bengali Language Movement and the Bangladesh Liberation War. These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies on public grounds. Many schools and colleges organise fairs, festivals and concerts in which citizens from all levels of society participate.[83] SONY VAIO PCG-FX90G/K laptop keyboard
Despite the growing popularity of music groups and rock bands, traditional folk music remains widely popular.[84] The works of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and national anthem writer Rabindranath Tagore have a widespread following across Dhaka.[85] Lenovo 39T7385 laptop keyboard
The Baily Road area is known as Natak Para (Theatre Neighbourhood) which is the centre of Dhaka's thriving theatre movement.[86] Indian and Western music and films are popular with large segments of Dhaka's population.[87] Compaq Presario CQ56-110US laptop keyboard
Bangladesh Betar is the state-run primary provider of radio services, and broadcasts a variety of programming in Bengali and English. In recent years many private radio networks, especially FM radio services, have been established in the city such asRadio Foorti FM 88.0, Radio Today FM 89.6, Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
Radio Amar FM 88.4, ABC Radio FM 89.2 etc. Bangladesh Television is the state-run broadcasting network that provides a wide variety of programmes in Bengali and English. Cable and satellite networks such asEkushey Television, Channel I, ATN Bangla, Desh TV, RTV, NTV, Banglavision, Channel 9 Bangladesh and Independent TV are amongst the most popular channels. GATEWAY NV-54 Laptop Keyboard
The main offices of most publishing houses in Bangladesh are based in Dhaka. The Prothom Alo and The Daily Ittefaq are the most popular amongst the large number of Bengali language dailies, periodicals and other publications in the city. The Daily Star and The Independent are the major English dailies published.[88] The telephone concentration in Bangladesh is estimated at around 50% and this is much higher in Dhaka.[89] SONY KFRMBA151B Laptop Keyboard
Along with Bangladeshi cuisine and South Asian variants, a large variety of Western and Chinese cuisine is served at numerous restaurants and eateries.[63] Though restaurants offering multinational cuisine and the international fast-food and hotel chains have opened up in the city, unique Dhakaiya delicacies like Glassey, Hajir Biriyani (Haji's Biriyani), Nanna Biriyani, SONY VAIO VGN-C2S Series Laptop Keyboard
Laban,Borhani etc. are still very popular amongst Dhakaiyas. These delicacies are even offered to state guests. Dhakaiya Bakarkhani is the traditional food/snack of the people of Old Dhaka. It is famous for its quality and taste and it was highly praised by the royal court of the Mughal Empire in Delhi.[90] HP Pavilion G6-1223TX Laptop Keyboard
Dhaka has the largest number of schools, colleges and universities of any Bangladeshi city. The education system is divided into 5 levels: Primary (from grades 1 to 5), Junior (from grades 6 to 8), Secondary (from grades 9 to 10), Higher Secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary.[92] HP Compaq NC8430 Laptop Keyboard
The five years of Primary education concludes with a Primary Education Completion (PEC) Examination, the three years of Junior education concludes with Junior School Certificate (JSC) Examination, and next two years of Secondary education concludes with a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of Higher Secondary or intermediate training, which culminate in a Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) Examination.[92] HP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard
Education is mainly offered in Bangla, but English is also widely taught and used. A large number of Muslim families send their children to attend part-time courses or even to pursue full-time religious education alongside other subjects, which is imparted in Bangla and Arabic in schools, colleges and madrasas.[92] TOSHIBA Satellite L755-SP5102CL Laptop Keyboard
There are 52 universities in Dhaka. The Dhaka College is the oldest institution of higher education in the city and amongst the earliest established in British India, founded in 1841. Since independence, Dhaka has seen the establishment of a large number of public and private colleges and universities that offer undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as a variety of doctoral programmes.[93] DELL Latitude D620 Laptop Keyboard
The University of Dhaka is one of the largest public university[94] in the nation with more than 30,000 students and 1,300 faculty staff. It was established in 1921 being the first university in the region. The university has 23 research centres and 70 departments, faculties and institutes.[95] Eminent seats of higher education includeBangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Jagannath University and Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University. Dhaka Medical College and Sir Salimullah Medical College are two famousmedical colleges in the nation.[96] Dhaka's college campuses are often hotbeds of political conflicts.[97] Protests and strikes, and violence amongst police, students and political groups frequently disrupt public university campuses.[98][99] ACER Aspire 5810T-8929 Laptop Keyboard
Alongside public institutes of higher education there are some forty-five private universities in Dhaka. Notable private universities include East West University, North South University, American International University - Bangladesh, BRAC University, United International University, ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
Daffodil International University, World University of Bangladesh, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology and Independent University, Bangladesh (see:List of universities in Bangladesh), most of which are located in Mohakhali, Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara, Bashundhara, Uttara and Dhanmondi areas of the city. ACER Aspire 5740 Laptop Keyboard
The British Council plays an important role helping students to achieve GCSE and A Level qualifications from examination boards in the United Kingdom. This is in addition to holding several examinations for professional bodies in the United Kingdom, including the UK medical Royal Colleges and Accountancy. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard
Shopping in Dhaka is very easy. There are markets in almost every part of Dhaka, where household commodities are available. Shopping malls are also found in every major avenues; some of them are Dhaka New Market, Basundhara City, Karnafuly City Garden, Rapa plaza, Metro shopping mall, Toshiba Satellite A200-1E1 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
Concord twin tower, BCS Computer City, Navana Tower, Pink city, Mouchak Market, Eastern Plaza, Fortune mall, Eastern plus, Banga bazar, Razdhani market, Gausia complex, Holland Centre, Suvastu Nazar Valley, Cofidence Tower, Mollah tower, Lutfun tower, Eastern Mallika, Muskut plaza, North Tower, Razlaksmi complex, Multiplan Center and many more. Toshiba Satellite A105-S271 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
Kudrat E Khuda Avenue (former New Elephant Road) and its surrounding areas are very popular destination for shoppers. Jamuna Future Park is one of biggest shopping mall in the world with 4 million square feet shopping area. Chain shops like Shopno, Agora, Meena Bazar, Nandon, PQS are also found in most of the residential areas of the city. TOSHIBA Satellite M645-S4070 Laptop Keyboard
Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Dhaka and across the nation.[100] Teams are fielded in intra-city and national competitions by a large number of schools, colleges and private entities. The Mohammedan Sports Club and Abahani are two of the most famous football and cricket teams, maintaining a fierce rivalry, ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
specially in Bangladesh Premier League (football).[101] Dhaka Metropolis cricket team represents Dhaka city in National Cricket League, a region based domesticFirst-class cricket competition in Bangladesh. In domestic Twenty20 cricket, Dhaka has a Bangladesh Premier League franchise known as Dhaka Gladiators. ACER NSK-H361D Laptop Keyboard
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Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official Test cricket match of the Pakistan cricket team in 1954 against India.[102] The Bangabandhu National Stadium was formerly the main venue for domestic and international cricket matches, but now exclusively hosts football matches.[102] It was the host for the opening ceremony[103] of the 2011 Cricket World Cup while the Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium hosted 6 matches of the tournament including 2 quarterfinals.[104] The Bangladesh Sports Control Board, DELL Inspiron 6400 Laptop Keyboard
responsible for promoting sports activities across the nation is based in Dhaka. Dhaka also has stadiums largely used for domestic events such as the Bangladesh Army Stadium, the Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium and the Outer Stadium Ground.[105] The Dhaka University Ground hosts many intercollegiate tournaments.[106] SONY VAIO VGN-N38Z/W laptop keyboard
Dhaka also hosted South Asian Games for three times in 1985, 1993 and 2010.[107] Dhaka is the first city to hold the games three times. The Bangabandhu National Stadium was the main venue for all three editions.[108] GATEWAY M-6846 laptop keyboard
Dhaka is known as the rickshaw capital of the world.[109][110][111] Approximately 400,000 rickshaws run each day.[112] Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main mode of transport, with close to 400,000 rickshaws running each day – the largest number for any city in the world.[63][65] However, only about 85,000 rickshaws are licensed by the city government. TOSHIBA 9J.N5682.701 laptop keyboard
Public buses are operated by the state-run Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) and by private companies and operators. Scooters, taxis and privately owned automobiles are rapidly becoming popular with the city's growing middle class. The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine auto rickshaws with "Green auto-rickshaws" locally called CNG, which run on compressed natural gas.[114] TOSHIBA Satellite l25-s119 laptop keyboard
Taxis plying in the Dhaka roads are of two types. Yellow taxis have slightly higher standards in terms of comfort but are more expensive. They are required to have air conditioning; the fleet consists mostly of Toyota Corollas. Blue and black taxis are cheaper and lack air conditioning; the fleet consists mostly of Maruti 800.[citation needed] ACER NSK-H361D laptop keyboard
the other parts of the country through highway and railway links. Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata and Agartalahave been established by the BRTC which also runs regular bus services to those cities from Dhaka.[116] HP Pavilion dv6-2141ee laptop keyboard
The Kamalapur Railway Station, Airport (Biman Bandar) Railway Station and the Cantonment Railway Station are the main railway stations providing trains on suburban & national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway.[117] Bangladesh Railway also runs a regular international train service between Dhaka and Kolkata. SONY Vaio PCG-K45 laptop keyboard
The Sadarghat Port on the banks of the Buriganga River serves for the transport of goods and passengers upriver and to other ports in Bangladesh.[118] SONY KFRMBA151B laptop keyboard
The Shahjalal International Airport, located 15 km north of Dhaka city centre, is the largest and busiest airport in the nation.[119] It handles 52% of the country's arrivals and departures. Domestic service flies to Chittagong, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Cox's Bazar,Jessore, Barisal, Saidpur and international services fly to major cities in Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Western Europe.[citation needed] SONY VAIO VGN-FS115Z laptop keyboard
An elevated expressway system is under construction.[120] The Dhaka Elevated Expressway would run from Shahjalal International Airport-Kuril-Banani-Mohakhali-Tejgaon-Saatrasta-Moghbazar Rail Crossing-Khilgaon-Kamalapur-Golapbagh to Dhaka-Chittagong Highway at Kutubkhali Point. A longer second elevated expressway from airport-Ashulia is currently undergoing feasibility study.[121] COMPAQ Presario C700 Laptop Keyboard
The Dhaka Metro feasibility study has been completed. A 21.5 kilometer, $1.7 Billion Phase 1, metro route is being negotiated by the Government with Japan International Cooperation Agency. The first route will start from Pallabi, northern suburb of Dhaka to Sayedabad, southern section of Dhaka.[122] IBM ThinkPad T40p 2373 Laptop Keyboard
In September 1974, Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam met with Suharto and indicated that he would support Indonesia if it annexed East Timor.[174] On 11 November 1975, the Whitlam government was dismissed. This placed restrictions on the caretaker government of Fraser. DELL PK130AF2B00 Laptop Keyboard
Until the results of the 13 December election were known any action required approval from both political parties and the Governor General.[175] On 4 December 1975 Australia unsuccessfully sought a UN resolution to determine the independence of East Timor, the Australian Government evacuated Australians and other foreign nationals from Dili.[176] TOSHIBA G83C0000EA10 Laptop Keyboard
José Ramos-Horta arrived in Darwin on 5 December saying that aid agencies the Australian Red Cross and Australian Society for Intercountry Aid Timor (ASIAT) had been banned from East Timor. In the same news conference Horta said that East Timor, Fretlin Government would not accept any UN assistance that included Australia.[177]
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[178] Australia abstained from the 1976 and 1977 UN General Assembly Resolutions, and by 1978 became the only government to officially recognise East Timor as a province of Indonesia.[179]. IBM Lenovo Thinkpad X201 Laptop Keyboard
One year later, Australia and Indonesia began drafting a treaty to share resources in the Timor Gap. The treaty was signed in December 1989, with estimates ranging from one to seven billion barrels of oil to be secured.[180] This agreement, along with general economic partnership with Indonesia, is frequently cited as a crucial factor for the Australian government's position.[181] SONY VAIO VGN-FS550 Laptop Keyboard
And yet given that nearly 60,000 East Timorese had died during the fighting between Australian and Japanese forces that followed the invasion of Timor by the Japanese during the Pacific War[10] some Australians believed their government owed a special debt to the former Portuguese colony. DELL NSK-DG101 Laptop Keyboard
James Dunn, a senior Foreign Affairs adviser to theAustralian Parliament before and during the occupation, condemned the government's position, saying later: "What had been of vital strategic value in 1941 was, in 1974, irrelevant and dispensable."[182] Some Australian World War II veterans protested the occupation for similar reasons.[183] SONY VAIO VGN-FS742/W Laptop Keyboard
Successive Australian governments saw good relations and stability in Indonesia (Australia's largest neighbour) as providing an important security buffer to Australia's north, but the East Timor issue complicated co-operation between the two nations.[184] Australia provided important sanctuary to East Timorese independence advocates like Jose Ramos-Horta (who based himself in Australia during his exile). HP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard
Australia's trade with Indonesia grew through the 1980s and the Keating Labor Government signed a security pact with Indonesia in 1995 and gave relations with Jakarta a high priority.[185][186] The fall of Indonesian President Suharto and a shift in Australian policy by the Howard Government in 1998 helped precipitate a proposal for a referendum on the question of independence for East Timor.[165TOSHIBA Satellite A205-S5823 Laptop Keyboard
]In late 1998, Prime Minister John Howard and Foreign Minister Alexander Downer drafted a letter to Indonesia setting out a change in Australian policy, suggesting that East Timor be given a chance to vote on independence within a decade. The letter upset Indonesian President B. J. Habibie, who saw it as implying Indonesia was a "colonial power" and he decided to announce a snap referendum.[165] TOSHIBA NSK-TAJ01 Laptop Keyboard
A UN sponsored referendum held in 1999 showed overwhelming approval for independence, but was followed by violent clashes and a security crisis, instigated by anti-independence militia. Australia then led a United Nations backedInternational Force for East Timor to end the violence and order was restored. While the intervention was ultimately successful, Australian-Indonesian relations would take several years to recover.[165][187] DELL NSK-DJD01 Laptop Keyboard
The Australian Labor Party altered its East Timor policy in 1999 and adopted a policy of support for East Timorese independence and opposition to the Indonesian presence there, through its Foreign Affairs spokesperson Laurie Brereton.[188] Breretons' credibility was attacked by the governing Liberal-National Coalition government and its Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer, DELL Vostro 3450 Laptop Keyboard
and Prime Minister Howard. They were assisted in their campaign by the then-Labor-backbencherKevin Rudd[188] (who would later lead the Labor Party to victory in the 2007 Australian federal election). ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
Owing it´s strong relation with Indonesia, the Philippines initially was cold in the issue. In fact, not only that it denied Jose Ramos-Horta entry in 1997 (when he was supposed to give a lecture to the University of the Philippines), the President back then even included him in the immigration blacklist.[189] COMPAQ Presario C700 Laptop Keyboard
However, with the wide spread support from various countries, the Philippines finally changed its policy. After the Timorese Independence, the Philippines contributed medical and logistics personnel to Interfet, rather than ground troops. The United Nations even named a Filipino, Lieutenant General Jaime Delos Santos, to command the full-fledged UN peacekeeping force which takes over from Interfet on Tuesday.[clarification needed] DELL Inspiron 8500 Laptop Keyboard
Sharing the same Roman Catholic heritage, the Philippines became a natural ally and has maintained good relationship until now. It has now lifted Jose Ramos-Horta from the blacklist, not to mention that he is frequently giving lectures in various universities in the Philippines, most notably in the University of the Philippines and Ateneo de Davao. HP 640436-001 Laptop Keyboard
The day after the invasion, Portugal cut diplomatic ties with Indonesia and went on to support UN resolutions condemning the invasion. However, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Portuguese government appeared reluctant to push the issue; American Indonesia specialist, Benedict Anderson suggests this stemmed from uncertainty at the time over its application to the European Community.[178] SAMSUNG N140 Laptop Keyboard
Portugal's criticism mounted sharply from the mid-1980s, and due to public pressure, the country became one the highest profile campaigners in international forums for East Timorese self-determination.[190] Throughout the 1990s, Portugal took part in UN-brokered mediations with Indonesia.[191] ACER NSK-AL01D Laptop Keyboard
In the mid-1970s, the United States was completing a retreat from Indochina. A staunchly anti-communist Indonesia was considered by the United States to be an essential counterweight, and friendly relations with the Indonesian government were considered more important than a decolonization process in East Timor.[178][192] The United States also wanted to maintain its access to deep water straits running through Indonesia for undetectable submarine passage between the Indian and Pacific oceans.[178] SAMSUNG N140 Laptop Keyboard
On the day before the invasion, U.S. President Gerald R. Ford and U.S. Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger met with Indonesian president Suharto and reportedly gave their approval for the invasion.[193] In response to Suharto saying "We want your understanding if it was deemed necessary to take rapid or drastic action [in East Timor]." Ford replied, "We will understand and not press you on the issue. DELL INSPIRON 1464 Laptop Keyboard
We understand the problem and the intentions you have." Kissinger similarly agreed, though he had fears that the use of US-made arms in the invasion would be exposed to public scrutiny, talking of their desire to "influence the reaction in America" so that "there would be less chance of people talking in an unauthorised way."[194] The US also hoped the invasion would be swift and not involve protracted resistance. HP Pavilion DV7-4053 Laptop Keyboard
"It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly," Kissinger said to Suharto.[195]Kissinger's main fear appears to have been that a violent take-over by the partly communist FRETILIN party might inspire similar Communist victories throughout Asia and possibly even lead to secessionist revolts threatening the very survival of Indonesia as a state.[196] HP Mini 210-1109TU Laptop Keyboard
The US supplied weapons to Indonesia during the invasion and the subsequent occupation. A week after the invasion of East Timor, theNational Security Council prepared a detailed analysis which found that the vast majority of the military equipment was U.S. supplied.[197] While the US government said they had suspended military assistance from December 1975 to June 1976, ACER TravelMate 4600 Laptop Keyboard
military aid was actually above what the US Department of State proposed and the US Congress continued to increase it, nearly doubling it.[195]Between 1975 and 1980, when the violence in East Timor was at its climax, SAMSUNG N150 Laptop Keyboard
the United States furnished approximately $340 million in weaponry to the Indonesian government. US military aid and arms sales to Indonesia increased from 1974 and continued through to the Bush and Clinton years until it was stopped in 1999.[195] US arms provisions to Indonesia between 1975 and 1995 amounted to approximately $1.1 billion.[198] HP Pavilion dv6-3141ea laptop keyboard
The UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) stated in the "Responsibility" chapter of its final report that U.S. "political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation" of East Timor between 1975 and 1999. HP Pavilion dv6-3143sa laptop keyboard
The report (p. 92) also stated that "U.S. supplied weaponry was crucial to Indonesia's capacity to intensify military operations from 1977 in its massive campaigns to destroy the Resistance in which aircraft supplied by the United States played a crucial role."[199][200] ACER Aspire 5410 laptop keyboard
Evidence presented by Fretilin suggests that the degree of U.S. support for the Indonesian government's efforts in East Timor may have extended beyond that of diplomatic support and material assistance. A UPI report from Sydney, Australia dated 19 June 1978, quoted a Fretilin press release, TOSHIBA Satellite P300D-14A laptop keyboard
which stated: "American military advisers and mercenaries fought alongside Indonesian soldiers against FRETILIN in two battles ... In the meantime, American pilots are flying OV-10 Bronco aircraft for the Indonesian Air Force in bombing raids against the liberated areas under FRETILIN control."[201][202] TOSHIBA Satellite P300-18M laptop keyboard
The United States abstained from most of the UN resolutions censuring the Indonesian invasion.[178] Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the U.S. Ambassador to the UN at the time, wrote later in his memoirs: "The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. This task was given to me, and I carried it forward with no inconsiderable success."[203] DELL 0NC929 laptop keyboard
Britain, Canada, Japan, and other nations supported Indonesia during the occupation of East Timor. Britain abstained from all of the UN General Assembly resolutions relating to East Timor, and sold arms throughout the occupation. In 1978 Indonesia purchased eight BAE Hawk jet trainers, which were used during the "encirclement and annihilation" campaign. Britain sold dozens of additional jets to Indonesia in the 1990s.[204] HP G42-200XX laptop keyboard
Canada abstained from early General Assembly resolutions about East Timor, and opposed three. The Canadian government regularly sold weapons to Indonesia during the occupation, and in the 1990s approved over CDN$400 million in exports for spare weapons parts.[205] Japan voted against all eight General Assembly resolutions regarding East Timor.[206] GATEWAY M680 laptop keyboard
The Indian government also supported Indonesia, likening the occupation to its own seizure of Goa in 1961.[207] Some analysts remarked that Indonesia's delayed action also prevented peaceful transfer of East Timor to it, similar to the manner in which the French transferred Pondicherry to India in 1962.[208] Packard Bell NEW95 laptop keyboard
Member nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), consistently voted against the General Assembly resolutions calling for self-determination in East Timor.[209] IBM ThinkPad T42 2378 laptop keyboard
Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor(CAVR) reports a figure of at least 90,800: 17,600 unlawful executions and 73,200 starvation deaths (applying the study's margin of error). CAVR did not estimate an upper limit though it speculated that this could have been as high as 202,600.[3] The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.[3] Packard Bell Easynote TK81 laptop keyboard
Researcher Ben Kiernan says that "a toll of 150,000 is likely close to the truth," although one can throw out an estimate of 200,000 or higher.[210] The Center for Defense Information also estimated a total close to 150,000.[211] TOSHIBA Satellite A205-S5823 laptop keyboard
A 1974 Catholic church estimate of the population of East Timor was 688,711 people; in 1982 the church reported only 425,000. This led to an estimate of 200,000 people killed during the occupation, which was widely reported around the world.[212] Other sources such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch also support an estimate of over 200,000 killed.[213] HP 605344-001 Laptop Keyboard
According to specialist Gabriel Defert on the basis of statistical data available from the Portuguese and Indonesian authorities, and from the Catholic Church, between December 1975 and December 1981, approximately 308,000 Timorese lost their lives; this constituted about 44% of the pre-invasion population.[214]Similarly Indonesian Professor George Aditjondro, formerly of Salatiga University in Java, concluded from his study of Indonesian Army data that in fact 300,000 Timorese had been killed in the early years of the occupation.[215] HP 9Z.N4DUQ.001 Laptop Keyboard
Robert Cribb of the Australian National University argues that the toll was significantly exaggerated. He argues that the 1980 census that counted 555,350 Timorese, although "the most reliable source of all," was probably a minimum rather than a maximum estimate for the total population. "It is worth recalling that hundreds of thousands of East Timorese disappeared during the violence of September 1999, HP Pavilion DV7T-4100 Laptop Keyboard
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only to reappear later," he writes. The 1980 census becomes more improbable in the face of the 1987 census that counted 657,411 Timorese – this would require a growth rate of 2.5% per year, nearly identical to the very high growth rate in East Timor from 1970 to 1975, and a highly unlikely one given the conditions of the brutal occupation, including Indonesian efforts to discourage reproduction. Noting the relative lack of personal accounts of atrocities or of traumatized Indonesian soldiersLenovo Thinkpad T520 Laptop Keyboard
he further adds that East Timor "does not appear—on the basis of news reports and academic accounts—to be a society traumatized by mass death...the circumstance leading up to the Dili massacre of 1991...indicate a society which retained its vigor and indignation in a way which would probably not have been possible if it had been treated as Cambodia was treated under Pol Pot." Even Indonesian military strategy was based on winning the "hearts and minds" of the population, a fact that does not support charges of mass killing.[216] DELL Vostro 3550 Laptop Keyboard
Kiernan, starting from a base population of 700,000 Timorese in 1975 (based on the 1974 Catholic Church census) calculated an expected 1980 population of 735,000 Timorese (assuming a growth rate of only 1% per year as a result of the occupation). Accepting the 1980 count that Cribb regards as at least 10% (55,000) too low, Kiernan concluded that as many as 180,000 may have died in the war.[217] Dell Inspiron 2500 Laptop Keyboard
Cribb argued that the 3% growth rate suggested by the 1974 census was too high, citing the fact that the church had previously postulated a growth rate of 1.8%, which would have produced a figure in line with the Portuguese population estimate of 635,000 for 1974. DELL UW739 Laptop Keyboard
Although Cribb maintained that the Portuguese census was almost certainly an underestimate,[217] he believed it to be more likely correct than the church census, due to the fact that any church attempt to extrapolate the size of the total population "must be seen in light of its incomplete access to society" (less than half of Timorese were Catholic). Assuming a growth rate in line with the other nations of South East Asia, ACER TravelMate 3002WTCi Laptop Keyboard
then, would yield a more accurate figure of 680,000 for 1975, and an expected 1980 population of slightly over 775,000 (without accounting for the decline in the birth rate resulting from the Indonesian occupation).[217] The deficit remaining would be almost exactly 200,000. According to Cribb, Indonesian policies restricted the birth rate by up to 50% or more, HP 519265-001 Laptop Keyboard
thus around 45,000 of these were not born rather than killed; another 55,000 were "missing" as a result of the Timorese evading the Indonesian authorities who conducted the 1980 census.[187] A variety of factors—the exodus of tens of thousands from their homes to escape FRETELIN in 1974-5; the deaths of thousands in the civil war; the deaths of combatants during the occupation; HP Mini 110-3506tu Laptop Keyboard
killings by FRETELIN; and natural disasters—diminish further still the civilian toll attributable to Indonesian forces during this time.[187] Considering all this data, Cribb argues for a much lower toll of 100,000 or less, with an absolute minimum of 60,000, and a mere tenth of the civilian population dying unnaturally, for the years 1975–80.[218] ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard
Kiernan responded, however, by asserting that the influx of migrant workers during the occupation and the increase in the population growth rate typical of a mortality crisis justifies accepting the 1980 census as valid despite the 1987 estimate, and that the 1974 church census—though a "possible maximum"—cannot be discounted because the church's lack of access to society might well have resulted in an undercount.[217] HP Mini 210-1000 CTO Laptop Keyboard
He concluded that at least 116,000 combatants and civilians were killed by all sides or died "unnatural" deaths from 1975–80 (if true, this would yield the result that about 15% of the civilian population of East Timor was killed from 1975–80).[217] F. Hiorth separately estimated that 13% (95,000 out of an expected 730,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates) of the civilian population died during this period.[187] DELL Vostro 3550 Laptop Keyboard
Kiernan believes that the deficit was most probably around 145,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates, or 20% of East Timor's population.[217] The mid-value of the UN report is 146,000 deaths; R.J. Rummel, an analyst of political killings, estimates 150,000.[219] DELL Precision M4500 Laptop Keyboard
Many observers have called the Indonesian military action in East Timor an example of genocide.[220] In a study of the word's legal meaning and applicability to the occupation of East Timor, legal scholar Ben Saul concludes that because no group recognised under international law was targeted by the Indonesian authorities, a charge of genocide cannot be applied. However, he also notes: " Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
The conflict in East Timor most accurately qualifies as genocide against a ‘political group’, or alternatively as ‘cultural genocide’, yet neither of these concepts are explicitly recognised in international law."[221] The occupation has been compared to the killings of the Khmer Rouge, the Yugoslav wars, and the Rwandan Genocide.[222] SONY VAIO PCG-792L Laptop Keyboard
Accurate numbers of Indonesian casualties are not known, however, some estimate up to 10,000 Indonesian troops died during the 1976–80 period.[223] Rummel estimates that 10–15,000 Indonesians died in the war.[219] The complete names of around 2,300 Indonesian soldiers and pro-Indonesian militias killed during the entire occupation is engraved into the Seroja Monument located in Armed Forces Headquarters in Cilangkap, south of Jakarta.[citation needed] FUJITSU Lifebook T4220 Laptop Keyboard
Saul goes on to discuss prosecutions of responsible parties for "crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other gross violations of human rights".[221] In the years after the end of the occupation, a number of proceedings have been carried out to such an end. The 1999 UN Security Council resolution authorizing UNTAET described the history of "systematic, widespread and flagrant violations of international and human rights law" APPLE A1278 Laptop Keyboard
and demanded "that those responsible for such violence be brought to justice".[224] To achieve these ends, UNTAET established a Serious Crimes Unit (SCU), which has attempted to investigate and prosecute individuals responsible for such violence. However, the SCU has been criticised for accomplishing relatively little, presumably because it is funded inadequately, SONY VAIO VGN-N31Z/W Laptop Keyboard
limited in mandate to crimes committed only in 1999, and for other reasons.[225] Indonesian trials purporting to punish those responsible for the violence were described as "manifestly inadequate" by a UN commission.[6] DELL Vostro 3550 Laptop Keyboard
Deficiencies in these processes have led a number of organizations to call for an international tribunal to prosecute individuals responsible for killings in East Timor, similar to those established in Yugoslavia and Rwanda.[6][7] A 2001 editorial by the East Timor NGO La'o Hamutuk said: Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard
An uncountable number of Crimes Against Humanity were committed during the 1975–1999 period in East Timor. Although an international court could not pursue all of them, it ... [would] confirm that the invasion, occupation and destruction of East Timor by Indonesia was a long-standing, systematic, SONY KFRMBA151B Laptop Keyboard
criminal conspiracy, planned and ordered at the highest levels of government. Many of the perpetrators continue to wield authority and influence in East Timor’s nearest neighbor. The future of peace, justice and democracy in both East Timor and Indonesia depends on holding the highest-level perpetrators accountable.[226] SONY VGN-FE28H Laptop Keyboard
In 2005, the Indonesia-Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship was set up with the goal of establishing the truth relating to crimes under the occupation, and healing divisions between the countries. It has received criticism from NGOs and was rejected by the United Nations for offering impunity. HP Pavilion G6-1223TX Laptop Keyboard
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